Maguindanao Massacre Essay

November 23, 2009 a very significant date to all cotabatenos and a very controversial date to anyone who knows about the massacre. A day that brought the city into darkness.The time where majority of the people were into a great fear.The day where many innocent people were executed due to the willingness of others to win the position. Even for a country long hardened to election violence, the massacre of at least 57 defenseless civilians on the main southern island of Mindanao, many of them relatives and supporters of a local politician and a large group of journalists, sets a new low. This troubled corner of the Philippines usually makes headlines for its long-running Muslim separatist rebellion. But the killings starkly exposed a nationwide malaise: the fierce competition for regional power among the country’s small à ©lite of a few hundred families and clans that control an inordinate amount of the national wealth — and the desperate lengths some will go to protect their hold on power. The most talked about incident that happened 4 years ago has not been resolved until now. The brutal killing of 57 persons that were just about to file candidacy for Cotabato’s former governor Esmael ‘toto’ mangudadatu. On that day, the wife of Esmael Mangudadatu, a local politician, was to submit a Certificate of Candidacy on his behalf. He was to run for provincial governor. Local journalists joined them in a convoy going to the office of the Commission on Election in the municipality of Shariff Aguak. The journalists were interested as it was the first time that there is a man who will take risks to have a rivalry with an ampatuan in terms of running for a  position.. It was a challenge to the Ampatuans, the powerful ruling political clan. The Ampatuans were supporting Andal Ampatuan Jr., son of the then incumbent governor, Andal Sr., to succeed him as governor. But before Esmael’s wife, her party and the journalists could reach the Comelec office, the local policemen, soldiers and paramilitary forces blocked their way at the highway. They were allegedly given orders by Andal Ampatuan Sr., then incumbent governor and also the patriarch of the Ampatuans; and his son, Andal Jr., to kill the group. All the victims were taken to a hilltop where they were executed. Their bodies were buried in a mass grave together with their flattened vehicles. Their purpose was not to know where the killed people were. The magnitude of the Maguindanao massacre stands as evidence of an enormous challenge to the country’s system of justice. In this case, there are 196 defendants, each of them charged with 57 counts of murder for the death of 57 people, all charges being heard at the Regional Trial Court (RTC) in Metro Manila. The body of one journalist, which is required in prosecuting a murder case, could not be found. Over 500 others named only as â€Å"John Does† in the criminal charges have not yet been identified. Of the 196 defendants, 93 have been arrested; however, three of them have accused the police officers of arresting them in the place of real accused. Of the 93 defendants in detention, 29 of them have not been arraigned in open court yet. Before the trial could begin, it took the National Prosecution Service, the prosecution arm of the Department of Justice, over two months to file the 57 counts of murder in court against the defendants. Here, although the prosecution body did comply with its legal obligation to complete the preliminary investigations in at least 40 days for ordinary cases and 90 days for cases involving public officials as required by the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 112 on Preliminary Investigation, to be able to proceed with the trial to ensure that an â€Å"effective remedy† is achieved has been problematic in reality. The failure of the Philippine National Police to arrest the other 103 defendants, who are still at large two years after the massacre, has further delayed the trial of the case. Although all of the accused are charged for murder in a single incident, in determining criminal liability each must be arraigned, tried and examined individually in court during the tria l. The accused could also question the merit of the case by submitting petitions and motions in court either to have their names  excluded from the murder charges or having the entire case dismissed on question of merit. However, not all motions and petitions filed by defendants, particularly those of powerful and influential political figures are in good faith. In this case, some defendants who invoked a remedial right filed their petitions to either exclude their names from the murder charge or dismiss case allegedly to deliberately delay the trial. To date, there are still 29 defendants, including Zaldy Ampatuan, former governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, who have not been arraigned. Zaldy is the son of Andal Sr. Under the Speedy Trial Act of 1998, section 6, in trial of criminal cases â€Å"in no case shall the entire trial period exceed one hundred eighty (180) days from the first day of trial†; however, four of the seven â€Å"exclusions† applicab le in this case, as stipulated in section 10 of the same law, have rendered the law inoperative. These exclusions are delays due to trials with respect to charges against the accused; interlocutory appeals; hearings on pretrial motions from orders of inhibition, or proceedings relating to change of venue of cases; finding of the existence of a valid prejudicial question; and absence or unavailability of the accused or an essential witness. Thus, the delay in this trial has so far been justifiable in the domestic law. I argue that these open-ended and broad exclusions have denied both the accused and the complainants their constitutional rights to speedy trial. The absence, if not lack of, adequate legal provisions that would ensure that motions and petitions that the defendants filed are examined thoroughly to prevent any attempt to deliberately frustrate the course of justice has exposed the court system as being open to manipulation. In this case, the defendants filed numerous petitions, motions and appeals that were legally justifiable in the  ¡Ã‚ §exclusions ¡Ã‚ ¨ clause of the Speedy Trial Act. Even though according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer â€Å"the court (had) practically holds three hearings a week — motions are heard on Mondays in Quezon City while the actual trial is conducted at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig City, on Wednesdays and Thursdays† (23 November 2011) for over a year now, there is no sign that the trial of the massacre case could reach its conclusion anytime soon. Therefore, the remark by one of the private lawyers, Harry Roque that the trial could take â€Å"55,000 years† if we take as a basis that â€Å"it takes five years to try a single case in the Philippines† (according to one study) is  not an overstatement. This could in fact be the length of the trial if the 196 defendants would be tried each for charges of 57 counts of murder. Effective remedy: violations in international law I argue that the Speedy Trial Act, in particular its section 10, does not conform to international norms and standards because its exclusions institutionalize delays in trial of cases and thereby deny an â€Å"effective remedy†. The domestic law and the rules of procedures that protect these rights exist, but they do not conform to international law. The domestic law rather has diluted substantive rights to be mere procedural rights. The UN Human Rights Committee has already held that the Philippines was in two cases in violation of its obligation under the Covenant for failing to ensure the â€Å"effective remedies† at the domestic level. In its views on Evangeline Hernandez v the Philippines (Communication No. 1559/2007, views adopted on 26 July 2010, UN Doc. CCPR/C/99/D/1559/2007), the Committee held it was in violation  ¡Ã‚ §of article 6, as well as a violation of article 2, paragraph 3†³ because domestic remedies had been â€Å"unreasonably prolonged† . The Committee reminded that the â€Å"State party may not avoid its responsibilities under the Covenant with the argument that the domestic courts are dealing with the matter, when the remedies relied upon by the State party have been unreasonably prolonged.† Evangeline is the mother of Benjaline Hernandez, a human rights defender murdered by the military and paramilitary forces in Arakan, North Cotabato in April 2002. Evangeline filed the individual communication even without fully exhausting domestic remedies, arguing that investigations, prosecution and trial in her daughter’s murder â€Å"have been ineffective and unreasonably prolonged.† The Committee has also observed that for â€Å"over eight years later, at the time of examination of this communication, it would appear that criminal proceedings initiated against the accused have not yet been finalized.† In another case, Lenido Lumanog and Augusto Santos v the Philippines (Communication No. 1466/200 6, views adopted in 20 March 2008, UN Doc. CCPR/C/92/D/1466/2006), the Committee also held the state party violated article 14, paragraph 3 (c) of the Covenant because it failed in concluding the petition for review into the death sentences of the complainants for eight years. Here, the state party was reminded of its legal obligation with article 2, paragraph 3 (a),  of the Covenant, to ensure â€Å"an effective remedy, including the prompt review of their appeal before the Court of Appeals and compensation for the undue delay†. The complainants, Lenido Lumanog and Augusto Santos, are two of five torture victims, collectively known as the â€Å"Abadilla Five†. The five were illegally arrested and detained, tortured to confess and after over 14 years of trial, were convicted for the assassination of Rolando Abadilla, a police colonel, in June 1996. They were convicted based on the testimony of one witness, Freddie Alejo. Alejo’s credibility has been questioned. In these two cases, the Committee found the Philippines has violated the rights of the complainants because the domestic remedies were ineffective and unduly delayed; however, legally these violations to international law had found justification under the country’s dome stic law, notably the Speedy Trial Act. In the domestic legal framework, delay is justifiable as part of the domestic criminal legal process, even though in these two cases it constituted a breach of the ICCPR. When domestic remedies are â€Å"ineffective and unduly delayed†, the aggrieved parties can file individual complaints with the Committee, since the Philippines has ratified the Optional Protocol of the ICCPR. Even when cases are within domestic procedural jurisdiction, the state could not invoke this as non-compliance to â€Å"exhaustion of domestic remedies.† To my knowledge, the Committee’s views and opinions have so far not been implemented at the domestic level. While the country’s Constitution adopts the â€Å"generally accepted principles of international law†, without an established mechanism to fully implement the Committee’s views, even if a state is held to have committed the violations of the Covenant and international law it signed, the notion of â€Å"effective remedy† will not exist in reality. The Maguindanao massacre is proof that the existing domestic mechanism, despite its recognition of the rights, is unable to comply with its international obligations because of the chronic defects of its own criminal justice system. The recognition of these rights in the 1987 Constitution, the codification of statutory laws and in criminal procedures and adoption of jurisprudence from foreign countries will not have substantial benefits to ensure protection of the right to an â€Å"effective remedy†. A well-developed domestic mechanism is a precondition in order to implement these rights. A backhoe driver has described in chilling detail how he used the excavator to bury the 58 victims of the Philippines’ worst  political massacre, according to a video aired Tuesday. The man said he dug a big hole near where the victims were shot by the Ampatuan clan in November 2009, then pushed the bodies as well as their cars down the pit. â€Å"I am Bong Andal, a trusted employee of the Ampatuans†¦they ordered me to bury the people they had massacred,† said the man in the clip aired by Manila-based GMA network. The clan allegedly ordered the massacre to stop a political rival, Esmael Mangudadatu, from running against one of its members for governor of Maguindanao, a poor farming province in the south. The Ampatuan patriarch, two sons and several family members are in custody and on trial for the murder of 58 victims, including 32 journalists who were covering the political contest. The backhoe driver was arrested last November, while more than 90 other suspects remain at large. GMA said Andal had signed a deposition that was given to state prosecutors. It said it later had an exclusive interview with him, in which he repeated the allegations made in the written deposition. The network said part of his quotes were from the deposition and part from the interview. â€Å"I used the backhoe to push the vehicles into the hole first. Then I flattened them with its metal arm,† the station quoted him as saying. â€Å"Some of the vehicles had dead people inside, so I just closed my eyes out o f fright and got on with it.† Andal also said he used the excavator’s arm to drag the dead bodies into the hole, the station said. Andal alleged in the video clip that the clan patriarch, Andal Ampatuan Senior, ordered him to take the excavator to the place where the 58 people were shot dead, and to make sure it had enough fuel. â€Å"The Ampatuans warned me and my parents not to get myself arrested. They said if I get caught they would kill my parents, my siblings and my children.† The driver is being held by the national government’s witness protection program, along with other witnesses, amid fears they could face retribution for testifying against the clan, GMA said. At least three witnesses have been killed since 2010, including a former Ampatuan family employee whose dismembered remains were found stuffed into a sack in 2012. Andal wants to become a state witness, GMA said GENERAL SANTOS CITY, Philippines – Lest we forget, we must remind ourselves that 4 years ago, 58 people were killed in one of the most reprehensible massacres in the long line of political murders in the country. On a scorching mid-day on Nov 23, 2009, Datu Unsay town Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr and some 192 relatives, policemen, militiamen, and bodyguards  stopped a convoy of vehicles that was on its way to the provincial capitol of Maguindanao in Shariff Aguak and diverted it to a secluded and remote village in Masalay, Ampatuan town. There, witnesses said Andal Jr and his minions peppered the wailing and begging victims with bullets. Some 4 hours later, the world was jolted and revolted by the gruesome massacre. Thirty-two of those who were mercilessly gunned down were journalists and media workers. Standing accused and being prosecuted for the barbaric crime are members of the most fearsome and influential political warlords in Mindanao, along with their henchmen and avid supporters. Six members of the Ampatuan clan have since been arrested and are now detained at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig City. While most suspects have been arrested and detained, many are still at large. At least 8 of those still in the lam bore the surnames of the principal suspects – Ampatuan. And while 96 or so of the suspects are now detained, all but one have yet to face trial, the process bogged down by delaying tactics by the defense. In that one case that has gone on trial, the lawyers of the accused have yet to present their case after the prosecution rested on November 6 – or 4 years to the month since the massacre. At least 3 witnesses have been killed since 2010, including a former Ampatuan family employee whose dismembered remains were found stuffed into a sack in 2012. Despite this, Justice Secretary Leila de Lima has said that President Benigno Aquino III wants suspects convicted before his term ends in 2016. The final road On Thursday, November 21, families of the media workers and journalists who perished in the massacre will retrace the final road traveled by their loved ones and carry one message: When will justice ever be achieved? Indeed, it is not enough to see the masterminds and their minions confined in their detention cells. Paramount is retribution for the victims – for the massacre committed by the Ampatuans. The families are demanding justice. The world is insisting on the day of reckoning. Many are convinced that without it, the culture of impunity will forever be with us. 2009 will go down in history as the darkest year yet for the Philippine media with the killings of 57 people, including 32 journalists in southern  Philippines on 23 November – an event that has come to be known as the â€Å"Maguindanao massacre. A Philippine regional traial court today ordered the arrest of 189 suspects linked to the gory November 23, 2009 Maguindanao killings of 57 civilians, which shook the media worldwide. It was as if some senators read an oracle on the fate of the civilian massacre case in Maguindanao. Though governments all over the world deplored the killings, the case has lost its momentum. The celebrated Maguindanao massacre case took another twist when two members of the powerful Ampatuan clan tagged as two of the main suspects in the November 23, 2009, killings were cleared by the Department of Justice because the â€Å"existence of a conspiracy was not proven† Anger and relatives’ cries for justice reverberated on Thursday at the resumption of the celebrated Maguindanao massacre trial as a medical legal officer testified that one of the victims may have been raped before she was shot. Maguindanao massacre had been the most talked about topic since the day it happened. It affected not just the city of cotabato but also other places as soon as it was aired on television. The people in cotabato, specially those families who had lost their loved ones because of the brutal killing had been traumatized. It brought fear to us because it was the most brutal happening that happened. I know that in cotabato there are a lot of incidents happening. Like bomb threats,kidnapping,killing and the war against the terrorists but this topic was the most fearful. To compare, authorities arrested 12 suspects at the time of the massacre’s second anniversary in 2011. Two other suspects considered â€Å"big fish† who each carried the P300,000 bounty were arrested that year: Tumi Timba Abas and Dukoy Badal. Then in 2012, eight were also arrested, including two prominent Ampatuan clan members, namely: Datu Anwar Upham â€Å"Ulo† Ampatuan and Datu Anwar â€Å"Ipi† Ampatuan Jr. But this year, apart from not arresting any prominent Ampatuan clan member, authorities have only arrested one suspect that carries the P300,000 bounty: Talembo â€Å"Tammy† Masukat, who was collared on February 16. The six others arrested this year carried a lower bounty of P250,000 each: Nasser Guia, arrested on February 8 Maot Bangkulat, April 8; Kudza Uguia Masukat, April 15; Edris Nanding Tekay, May 28; Mama Nomba Habib, July 25; and Alimudin Sanguyod, October 18. An eighth suspect, Maguid Amil, was killed by authorities after resisting arrest in Maguindanao on February 8. Amil reportedly hurled a grenade and fired at one of the arresting officers. As of posting time, the total number of arrested suspects stands at 108. Of this number, 104 have been arraigned and all pleaded not guilty to the multiple murder charges. Among those arraigned are the eight prominent Ampatuan clan members, including patriarch Andal Ampatuan Sr, a former Maguindanao governor, as well as his three sons, Andal Jr, Rizaldy, and Sajid. Considered the worst single-day election-related violence in Philippine history, the Maguindanao massacre claimed the lives of 58 people, including 32 journalists, who were part of a convoy that was supposed to register then Buluan Vice Mayor Esmael Mangudadatu, an Ampatuan rival in the gubernatorial race for the 2010 automated polls. They were said to have been stopped at a checkpoint at Sitio Masalay in Barangay Salman, Ampatuan town and gunned down by armed men led by the Ampatuans. Mangudadatu eventually won as governor. This tragedy will never be forgotten as it was one of the most significant and historic happening that happened in cotabato city.It took us years to moved on to what happened. Mangudadatu stayed strong even though he lost most of his family member. He still continued his filing of candidacy and luckily he won. As he won, it brought happiness to the people as well as the families of the victims because it gave them hope that there will be justice served. But until now there are some petitions and complaints about the case because of the slow movement that causes the family victims to get angry because it is been years and until now there are still improvement in the said case. As the ampatuan denies about the massacre, it is one of the  factor why it is still an ongoing case. It gave the supreme court a hard time to resolve it because of their statements. They’ve been creating new stories for their sake to be not in prison but still there were some evidences that are strong b ut needsa very careful and intelligent study to really know who’s the real suspect to the said crime. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1943191,00.html http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/336621/news/specialreports/4-years-after-ampatuan-massacre-88-suspects-still-at-large http://www.rappler.com/nation/44427-families-maguindanao-massacre-compensation http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/07/02/13/backhoe-man-describes-maguindanao-massacre-burial http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/1102/the-maguindanao-massacre-legal-and-human-rights-implications-of-court-delay http://themediaproject.org/page/maguindanao-massacre-story-index

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Monetary policy is basically a stabilization policy adopted by a country to deal with various kinds of economic imbalances that occur in the country. It’s a flexible instrument which allows authorities to move quickly to achieve stabilization, since it deals with the monetary aspect of the general economic policy. It controls the supply of money and often targets a rate of interest and also controls exchange rate and influence credit conditions for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. It is often termed to be as an expansionary or contractionary. It basically deals in open market operations, and basically controlling the money supply through buying and selling various financial instruments such as T-Bills, bonds etc. Control of money supply through an appropriate monetary policy is greatly effective in controlling inflation. Objectives: The main objective of the project is to understand the effectiveness of the RBI monetary policy for: * It is well used in stabilizing inflation in a country under the CPI index * Maintaining price stability i.e. a targeted price level can be reached over time * Maintaining desired growth rate over a period of time  * Understanding various monetary policy tools and its impact in short term as well as in long term. * Achieving a stable foreign exchange rate Issues or problems to be studied: High inflation usually has an adverse effect on grow. Distortion of relative prices which lowers economic efficiency, redistribution of wealth between debtors and creditors etc. are all factors that affect high inflation. There is always thrift as to increasing the financial stability of the country, but the main priority should be maintaining stability in the banking system. There is always a tradeoff between inflation and growth of the country so which policy should be implemented by RBI to curb inflation without hampering the growth rate of the country and the main issue is whether RBI is capable of controlling inflation while maintaining economic stability. Sources of Data: The data collected will be from the following secondary sources: * Books * RBI circulars from RBI website * Journals and publications * Other sources from internet Expected out-come of the project: The outcome of the project will be highlighted in the following areas: * How well the RBI has been successful in taming inflation * How all the different rates of interest i.e. the bank rate, CRR, SLR etc. is managed as to achieve a desired growth rate of the economy * Providing an in-depth analysis so as to how different monetary tools are used in short term as well as long term basis

Interview Topic: Cultural Differences Between Austrian and Indian

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Do you have the feeling that bargaining is important in India ? Money is not that important in India as it is in Austria, but bargaining is more important than in Austria Q17 : Do you have any ideas on how to solve problems of Austrian companies in India? Being patient and adopt to the culture, slow down a bit and introduce clear rules and make clear that they have to be followed 8 : How would you generally describe an Indian? Do you think that Indians and Austrians/European overlook the cultural differences or are they aware of them? Indians are laid back on the one hand but also very committed to things like religion and family. They are very helpful and not that selfish as Europeans. I think that Europeans are aware of the cultural differences but still cannot get a feeling of it till they are actually visiting India. ? Please feel free to add your own suggestions and comments on this topic or on the survey itself? Thank you for taking part in the survey?

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Short Response Paper - Essay Example Connie tries a split personality with hope that, she will fit both at hope and elsewhere. She does this by having a selected smile, walking style, hairstyle, and even laughter style one meant for home and the other meant for elsewhere. The short story is from a potential victim’s view where Connie is a victim while Arnold Friend is a killer who seduces Connie and gives her promises of security (Oates 1-7). Indeed, Arnold Friend depicts a strange and mismatched appearance that represents danger (Oates 4). He also seems to conceal threat by depicting a calm voice, gentle coaxing, and convincing voice (Oates 3-7). When Arnold visits her home in her parents’ absence, he is a hard character for Connie to define, he lies somewhere between young and old, human and non-human, calm and strange. She is unable to figure him out and his intentions. The author asserts, â€Å"She couldnt decide if she liked him or if he was just a jerk, and so she dawdled in the doorway and wouldnt come down or go back inside (Oates 3).† Connie’s teenage rejects the role of daughter to her mother, sister to June, and â€Å"nice† girl to the family to cultivate her sexual persona, which flourishes only when she is away from her home and family. The music Connie listens to draws her into the world of fantasies. It paints an ideal love world and love life, which makes her daydream about boys (Oates 5-7). The author does not make it clear however whether Connie is just day dreaming busking in the sun while listening to her music from the radio or Arnold was at her home in reality. This aspect of the story leave the reader with no clarity of Arnold and Connie escapade. Did it happen in reality or was she

Eco-tourism in New Zealand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eco-tourism in New Zealand - Research Paper Example This requires communicating the restrictions without discouraging the audience. This enhances the importance of the right marketing communications mix which includes using technology to convey the customer feedback and collaborating with the government agencies. The industry is thriving and there is scope for new entrants to an emphasis on personal selling would help Dolphin Explorers to expand its reach. The nature of tourism has changed in recent times as new markets and new kinds of tourism have emerged (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). Ecotourism has emerged among these as the fastest growing segment within the travel and tourism industry. Ecotourism involves travel to experience natural environments or settings. The demand for eco-tourism increased as customers shifted from mass tourism enriching and individualistic experiences (Diamintis & Ladkin, 1999). It has been defined as "responsible travel which conserves the natural environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people" (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). It is a segment of the travel that appeals to the environmentally conscious and has a low impact on the surrounding area while contributing to the local economy. Nevertheless, the reality is quite different and New Zealand has particularly experienced social, cultural and economic impact. The inbound ecotourism market in New Zealand has experienced overall growth and ecotourism in NZ focuses on marine environments, particularly marine mammals, botanical, geological and ornithological resources (Higham & Carr, 2003). Wildlife tourism too also forms a significant element in ecotourism and involves seabirds, marine mammals and native avifauna. The growth and proliferation of eco tourism operations has created difficulties for this sector in NZ. Ecotourism can deprive the local people of the resources that they have been using (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). Besides, once the local economies become dependent on eco-tourism, any downturn in tourism impacts their stability. Ecotourism can result in the commercialization of the culture. On the social side ecotourism, with higher disposable incomes in the hands of the local people can give rise to alcohol-related disturbances. Thus, for eco-tourism companies promoting tourism and sustaining the company poses a great challenge. Â  

International Maritime Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Maritime Organization - Assignment Example It includes number of safety measures like that of improving the electrical installation and machinery installation, life saving equipments, fire protection, navigation safety, carriage of hazardous goods, radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony, nuclear merchant ships, and the overall safety of the shipping. The primary function of IMO is to form legislation and establish global treaties relating marine pollution prevention and safety of shipping. The organisation keeps the legislation always up to date so that it becomes helpful for the concerned countries and this attempt has become a successful one. It is found that more than 98% of the international shipping traders follow these legislations. IMO’s another important function is to protect the environment from the hazards of shipping because the extracts of the shipping activities which flows to the sea is very harmful which creates water pollution. Thus, these set of laws helps to prevent the sea water from pollution. IMO also provides safety training to avoid accidents occurring in the sea. The measures taken by IMO have been successful and the rate of serious hazards rate has been reducing from the last twenty years. The oil from the ships which used to enter into the sea also has reduced by considerable extent. Since human resources are the most important resource of the shipping industry so it has become an important task of IMO to improve and develop the human resources. With the opening of the ISM Code, it has made safety a prime concern. This code explains the responsibility for safety and implementation of this code has become tremendously successful. The IMO has also implemented training programmes and has provided modern guidelines to their marine educational institutions through various technical programmes. Thus it can be concluded that IMO provides detailed guidelines and direction which are essential to

Cross Culture Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Culture Management - Case Study Example On the contrary, masculinity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between genders. Japan has the lowest score of 46. Japanese are more cooperated at work, and they are likely to have a good relationship with their boss. A job promotion is done on merit basis, which are associated with lower job stress. Germany has a score of 66 thus considered to be masculine societies. United Kingdom and United States have the highest scores of 89 and 91 respectively. Both countries have private people because they believe personal fulfillment is the root of the happiness. Both countries have higher masculinity index that is characterized with numerous challenges and jobs recognition. They also believe in their own decisions, have higher job stress, and prefer to work in large companies. Long-term orientation is a score that measures the philosophy related with Confucianism: perseverance and thrift, personal stability, respect for tradition, honor of ancestors, and have a duty of financial support of parents. Japan has the highest score at 80. U.S, U.K and Germany have relatively low score of 29, 25 and 31 respectively. The type of managerial types in business negotiations among the Japanese is hierarchal in its power structure. In Japan, not everyone is allowed to speak during the negotiations. In most cases, they are represented by a team of experts; also they take longer time during negotiations because they see business as a lifelong commitment to trust and loyalty. The cultural differences also have a significant impact on leadership. The British emphasize on charismatic leadership, on the contrary, the Germans managers are rather more systematic and routinized with the individuals working towards a similar goals. While comparing between the British and Japanese managers, the British are more likely to take risks, and Japanese pay attention to the details. These differences

Memento (2000) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memento (2000) - Essay Example These include a single problem facing the protagonist, comic relief and getting the audience to believe what the protagonist is fighting for. In Memento, Leonard’s mind is fixed on one thing only: track down his wife’s killer and kill them. There is comic relief in the story when Leonard’s details, such as having been an insurance investigator, and the story of Sammy, who also suffered a memory loss. The audience sympathize with Leonard. Leonard believes the second attacker’s name was John while the second name begins with â€Å"G†. He, therefore, embarks on an investigation to find John G. The plot of the film also details Leonard’s attempts to track down the second attacker with the name John G. The film develops in reverse sequence, showing the protagonist hot on the heels of a certain John G. He meets a man named Teddy whose full name turns out to be John Edward Gammell. Believing it is John G., he kills him. In the final black-and-white sequence, still in reverse, Leonard learns about another man, Jimmy Grantz and is told that he is a â€Å"John G† (memento, n.p.). Leonard proceeds to kill him. The film-makers have adopted a complicated narrative technique to tell the story. They present the film in two parts: the black-and-white section and color section. The black-and-white segment chronologically depicts Leonard as he hunts down his wife’s killer and ends when he kills Jimmy Grantz. The color segment, on the other hand, is presented in reverse. It begins with Leonard killing Teddy and works back in time to moment Leonard discovered that he had killed the wrong man, Jimmy Grantz (Memento, n.p.). Consequently, the events in the film are not presented chronologically as the two segments are intertwined throughout the movie. The film’s protagonist is Leonard Shelby. Leonard is hunting for his wife’s killer and the only clue he has is that the killer bears the name John and the second name begins

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Logistics - Essay Example In the near future, low-cost RFID â€Å"electronic product codes† or â€Å"smart-labels† may be a realistic substitute for optical barcodes on customer items. Unluckily, the worldwide consumption of RFID devices in consumer items may expose innovative security and privacy risks not present in closed manufacturing environments (Benny, 2002). One auto-ID system missing the flaws of optical barcodes is supported by radio frequency identification (RFID). The name â€Å"RFID† could be applied to systems in use for more than sixty years. Possibly the earliest radio identification technology was the â€Å"Identify Friend† system used in Allied aircraft throughout World War II. In 1940, the British Royal Air Force prepared aircrafts with radio transponders that would take action when interrogated. RFID transponders take object classifying information. This information may comprise the producer, product, model and a distinctive serial number. Cooperatively, this information is frequently referred to as the tag’s identity, or simply as ID. An identity may be of any length. Mostly, a 96 bit identity would be sufficient for most functions. RFID tags comprise a little microchip connected to an antennae or other pairing component. The tag corresponds by means of radio frequencies with a transceiver. The tag identity may be read automatically devoid of line of sight, through non-conducting matter for instance cardboard or paper, at a speed of several hundred reads per second and starting a distance of several meters. RFID systems have come into view as a realistic auto-ID stand in industries as wide-ranging as automobile manufacturing, microchip fabrication and even cattle herding. The final example is in fact one of the first commercialized RFID systems. A strong RFID tag with a distinctive identity was connected to each cow’s ear, permitting herders to follow a specific animal in addition to take temperature readings. These tags could

Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Wuthering Heights Essay Heatcliff is an unusual center character, in that he can said to be both the hero and the villain of Wuthering Heights. Explain this statement fully. In the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, the heroic and villainous qualities play a significant role in understanding the character Heatcliff. Heatcliffs passion, his mysterious origins and his contrast between hatred and love helps the reader understand the character Heatcliff. As a hero he displayed his true and endless love for Catherine. But the personality that Heatcliff develops as an adult of super-human villain due to the deprivation of love, education and social statues that he received in his childhood days. Heatcliffs double character makes Wuthering Heights a strong tale of love and hatred. One side of Heatcliff is his heroic character. His eternal faithfulness and endless love for Catherine is not doubtful. Catherine feels that it would degrade her to marry Heatcliff because of his low social status in society and decides to marry the son of the aristocratic Lintons, Edgar. She is excited by the high standards of living of Lintons and for sure enjoys such an atmosphere. In the spite of her rejection to Heatcliff, his undaunted love remains for her forever in his heart. Heatcliff suffers much emotional rejection. He displays his heroic character by not taking revenge from Edgar immediately because of his genuine concerns for Catherine. The extent of Heatcliffs dedication and sense of desolation can be considered as form of heroism displayed by Heathcliff. The other side of Heatcliff is his role as a villain. His purpose of turning into a villain from a good character is to seek revenge from all those who troubled him from his childhood days. It is seen that Heathcliff suffered terrible torture at the hands of Hindley after Mr. Earnshaws death. Hindleys treatment of Heathcliff was enough to make a fiend of a saint. Hindley deprived him of an education and reduced his status to that of a servant. This horrible treatment of Hindley arouses deep and abiding hatred in the heart of Hindley and all-consuming passion for revenge. He fulfills his desire of revenge by encouraging Hindley to drink excessively, gamble and he also makes Hindley bankrupt by taking all his wealth including  Wuthering Heights that he owned. As Heathcliff seeks his revenge, he becomes devilish and is constantly associated with devilish feelings, images and actions. His revenge is also directed toward Edgar Linton, the son of aristocratic Lintonss, whom he sees as having stolen Catherine from him. To seek his revenge he devises series of schemes to wrest the ownership of the Grange from the Lintons family and secure it for himself. He knew that Isabella considered him or pictured him a hero of romanceand takes advantage of it by putting on a mask of love which Isabella tends to believe. His cruel treatment to Isabella is a source of enjoyment for him. He also capitalizes on poor Lintonss health by inviting the pity of Cathy so that her affection and sympathy would facilitate a marriage between them and leave him as the master of the Grange. At one point we see that Heatcliff regrets that he saved the infant Hareton. He indeed takes pleasure in the fact that Hareton was born with a sensitive nature which he has corrupted and degraded. Heathcliff s pleasure at this corruption is increased by the fact that: Hareton is damnably fond of me, his attitude is devoid of fatherly feeling. We can thus prove that Heathcliff is a many-faced character. In his early years he is characterized by his faithfulness and endless love for Catherine. The adult Heathcliff who returns to Wuthering Heights after a three-year absence is a super human villain distort by revenge, distorted by sense of wrongs done to him and made emotionally unstable by Catherines marriage. It can be thus said that Heathcliff is an unusual character. But personally I felt that he can be characterized as a villain than a hero.

Thailand environment, crime and disease

Thailand environment, crime and disease Thailand Environment, Crime and Disease While Thailand has come a long way in the past few decades, it still has quite a long ways to go as far as development. Crime and disease are still prevalent, and through its development in its economy, and culture, they face new environmental problems. Globalization has brought many positive aspects to Thailand and to its development as a country; however it has had its negative effects. The prime negativity to Thailands development is the harm to its environment. Being an export-dependent country, their development relied heavily on the increased production of the exports resulting in a lowered water and air quality (heightened pollution), and a loss of natural habitats. To counter this affect of industrialization and urbanization, the country and citizens have created multiple organizations, and policies to fight the negative affects to their environment. However, the speed at which these things are being implemented is much slower than that of the growth of industrialization in their economy. The air pollution in Bangkok even became two and a half times the standards set by the World Health Organization (Thailand). Thailand has an abundance of resources, both for production, and the possibility of renewable resources, to combat pollution, and harming the land with food production. However, while there have been efforts made to fight for the environment, they see multiple barriers to progress some of them being a lack of actual implementation, and enforcement of policies, and a lack of financing to implement a strong utilization of their renewable energy resources (Uddin 2010). Crime is another occurrence that Thailand still needs to fight through its development. Currently, the two main crimes facing Thais are human trafficking, and extreme violence stemming from protests in the streets of Bangkok over the political dispute. As far as human trafficking, Thailand is a source, a destination, and a pass-through route for human trafficking of men, women and children. Thai women and children are sent to â€Å"Japan, Malaysia, South Africa, Bahrain, Australia, Singapore, Europe, Canada and the United States for sexual and labor exploitation†. Some Thailand natives are actually coerced to leave Thailand and move to Taiwan, Malaysia, US or the Middle East by some job recruiting agency, however, the individuals rack up a large debt to these agencies, and are then forced into â€Å"involuntary servitude†. Women are even trafficked within Thailand, from the north/Northwest to the areas capital, Bangkok, for the purpose of becoming sex slaves. However, t he human trafficking, especially within Thailand itself, is decreasing due to an increased effort to implement preventative programs, and more economic opportunities for the women of Thailand. Those who are trafficked into Thailand typically come from â€Å"Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Peoples Republic of China, Russian and Uzbekistan†, and are women and children for the purpose of labor and sexual purposes. The typical labor jobs those Trafficked to Thailand â€Å"take† involved begging or fishing. As a combat against this horrible crime, Thailand has created many places and organizations for those who are adversely affected by human trafficking, whether it be a need for psychological help after abuse they may have incurred through the process, or a need for a place to stay, Thailand has plenty of resources. These programs provided mostly by the International Organization for Migration can provide shelter, healthcare, and food to those climbing out of their abusive situatio ns from human trafficking, attempting to create a better life for themselves (HumanTrafficking.org). The other Tier of hardship Thailand faces it the fight against HIV/AIDs within their community. Not only is it being passed from person to person in heterosexual relationships, but it is being passed from mother to child during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. To combat this disease, Thailand officials have created multiple processes and programs to help control this epidemic. One of the methods involves the collection of blood donations. Thailand used to pay individuals, who gave blood, but they have gotten rid of any monetary benefit from giving blood, and those who do donate must be tested for HIV prior to their blood being accepted. Additionally, there have been multiple campaigns including â€Å"100 percent condom campaign†, to promote the use of condoms in all relationships, considering the high rate of HIV from commercial sexual activity that occurs in Thailand with their young male community. HIV contracted from mother to child has currently infected 30,000 children, an d resulted in 7,500 AIDS cases in children. Without preventative measures, 3,000 of the 10,000 children born at risk of contracting HIV through their mothers would be infected per year. The Ministry of Public Health of Thailand has taken an interest in this unfortunate epidemic. Some of the processes this group has implemented are HIV screenings after birth for both mother and child, and advising against breastfeeding for HIV positives mothers (Kanshana 2004). In addition to globalization playing a role in the environment, disease and crime in Thailand, they also play a large role in the globalization and development of Thailand. As previously stated, with the globalization came a long period of industrialization for the economy of Thailand, but due to this, it has harmed the land that they depend on for over 70% of their GDP. This will make it harder to keep up with the growth of their economy (Uddin 2010). With globalization comes knowledge, which has led Thais to realize the benefits to a democracy, instead of the constitutional monarchy they are currently led by. The past few months have been marked by protests between the yellow (those in support of the current political climate) and red shirts (those who are protesting the current political state). The protestors are voicing their disagreement with the government being overtaken after the progression of their political process to have an elected official, and returning to a monarchy by political force. They are currently experiencing the â€Å"worst political violence† that they had ever seen in more than twenty years. On April 10th, 2010, the non-violent protests were combated â€Å"with tear gas, gunfire, and explosions†. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, who the protestors are calling to resign and allow an elected official to run office, states that he chose to use force on the protestors so that the government di d not appear weak. Even though the activities of the protestors were completely peaceful, the fact that they had gone on for three days with no signs of receding in their protesting effort seemed to be enough for the government to react violently (Mydans 2010). So while globalization brings many positive factors into an economy experiencing growth and development from an otherwise poverty-stricken, undeveloped state, there are many negative factors that the country must combat to continue on their road to further development and success. It seems as through the efforts are there, and they are progressing as a country, but a stronger, more wide-spread effort needs to be made in order for any implementations to stick, and have a true long-lasting affect on Thailand and their community. References HumanTrafficking.org | Thailand. (n.d.). HumanTrafficking.org: A Web Resource for Combating Human Trafficking in the East Asia Pacific Region. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/thailand Thailand. (n.d.). Thailand. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from http://www.worldbank.or.th/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/THAILANDEXTN/0,,menuPK:333302~pagePK:1411 MYDANS, S., FULLER, T. (2010, April 11). Thai Protesters Repulse Troops; Gunfire and Explosions Erupt in the Streets. Urban Studies, p. 6. Kanshana, S., Naiwatanakul, T., Simonds, R. J., Amornwichet, P., Teeraratkul, A., Culnane, M. et al. (2004). Monitoring and evaluating the national program to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in Thailand. New Directions for Evaluation, 2004(103), 117 128. Uddin, S. N., Taplin, R., Yu, X. (2010). Towards a sustainable energy future—exploring current barriers and potential solutions in Thailand. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(1), 63 87. TOPIC COMMENTS Points Content Impact of issues on economy/development of country discussed: 65 points Issues: environment, crime, disease Research synthesized into conclusion and implications for continued globalization discussed. 35 points Mechanical errors: (1 point deductionf or first 2, 1 point deduction for each additional) up to a 10 point deduction APA format and references: Format: up to 5 point deduction Ref: 2 point deduction for sources that are not academically acceptable. If you have difficulty with APA format, the following website is one that offers examples that should be helpful: http://www.dianahacker.com/ resdoc/social.html Overquoted deduction (no more than 10% of your paper may be quoted material. No submission to turnitin: 3 point deduction

Business and marketing strategies for Citibank

Business and marketing strategies for Citibank Introduction Citibank engages in consumer, corporate banking and financial services and it is part of the Conglomerate giant Citigroup. The bank was established in 1812 and was known as City Bank of New York and after that, it was named First National City Bank of New York. The company was later changed to Citigroup and Citibank became an arm of the banking and financial services Unit of the company (Wikipedia, 2010). As at June 2009, Citigroup is the fourth largest bank in the United States through domestic deposit and the top three banks are Wells Fargo, JP Morgan Chase, and Bank of America (Data monitor report, 2009). This made Citibank an international financial bank with consumer, corporate and investment banking and also rendering insurance services. Citibank operates in over 100 countries globally and it is one of the most successful banks in the world. The economic crisis of 1990 caused by the Gulf war and other financial crises in many Asia countries affected the banks performance (Timme rs, P. (2009). This made the bank to change it corporate, business and marketing strategies in order to ensure sustainability of the bank and also to beat its competitors. It also engaged in the introduction of e-commerce and e-business strategies to introduce new products into the markets and it also expanded its operations to other areas such as wealth management, stock broking and financial trading services 1.2 The new strategies of Citibank The bank extended its banking operations to other areas such as wealth management, assets management, insurance, financial trading etc (data monitor,2009) The bank initiated better organisational vision and mission statements to a broader, goal oriented gaols and objectives in order to beat the competition from other big financial players and rivals such as Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, HSBC, Barclays Bank etc Adoption of new e- business and e-commerce marketing strategies through new marketing development systems such as online internet services Based on Porter (1980) generic strategies Citibank adopted the differentiation strategy by building its international business strategies through implementation of new technological and communication systems such as Information technology systems, tools and equipment in order to enhance its business operations, The formation of techniques and structures that will make the bank to be able to compete in e-business environment. 1.3 The outline of the strategy formulation technique available for Citibank in order to compete in e-business environment Due to the growing competitive financial environment, and the need to respond to the new technological changes for faster business operations, Citibanks new vision is to become the worlds leading e-business enabler. Its core main e-business strategy is to connect with customers through the internet (web), transform the Citibanks capabilities to deliver integrated solutions and extend by reaching new markets, new customers and new products. However, Citi bank has strategy formulation techniques for competing in the e-business environment and these will be discussed below. Creation of Citibanks E-business Vision The first step of Citibank strategy formulation was the initiation of the E-business Idea and creation of an e-business vision and mission statements which forms the outline of achieving its business objectives (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). This e-business strategy was reiterated by Caroline Wong, head of e-business Group (cash trade), Hong Kong stating the banks commitment to enter the e-business in order to bring transformational reforms that will increase clients satisfaction. Citibanks vision is to become the leading enabler of e-business through empowerment of local, regional and global customers and business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) (Tawfik Jelassi et al, 2008). EXTEND Reach new markets, new customers and new products CONNECT Web-enable its core services to connect with its customers TRANSFORM Draw the full range of Citibanks capabilities to deliver integrated solutions Figure 1: Citibanks E-business strategy This vision and the business strategy serves as a fundamental framework for the Citibanks E-business structure thus giving directions, goals, aims and objectives. The mission includes the management of the overall costs of its Information (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). Technology (IT) investments, optimal usage of the existing and new technologies, and standardisation of its application and development processes. All these are driven towards increasing operational efficiencies and lower the costs of operational while achieving on time delivery to customers. All these goals, aims, objectives created a fundamental framework in which Citibank was operating to achieve a sustainable E-business in the competitive markets so as to gain market leadership in the banking and financial markets operations. -The Formation of the Internet group In 1999, Citibank launched a CitiDirect Online Banking which was the e first Citibanks multi-product in a multi-geographic Internet banking system. Citibank e-business unit was formed in year 2000 with the managements group decision to aggressively develop Internet-based products. The e-business solution was continuously developed and researched through 2001 and 2002 and Jose Bermudez , the executive vice president and head of global cash and trade business who consolidated the Citibanks business structure and by holding meetings with all regions, developing and combining goals in all areas and consolidated bureaucracies across the regions of the banks operations (Timmers, P. 2009). This initiative by Jose Bermudez created a cooperate commitment to achieving and sustaining the Citibanks e-business strategy. During this period, the then CEO, John Reed was thoroughly concerned about meeting the demand for internet banking and he started the E-Citi initiative for exploring the Internet opportunities (Tawfik Jelassi et al, 2008. -Strategies implementation for its e-business environment Jose Bermudez led the e-business unit that was responsible e for developing internet software for the corporate clients setting up B2B (Business -to-Business) electronic commerce exchanges while the new high level committees coordinated and the strategies through benchmarking of other banks (Tawfik Jelassi et al, 2008. The e-business environment was conceived as a solution business for customers to create new and complex online banking products to meet the customers need. It built internet platform and E-structure services such as clearing, trading, and collections which allowed customers to acquire information rapidly than the traditional paper base processes. This was evident when the Global transaction services created the Citibanks markets and banking systems in order to integrate Cash , Trade and Treasury services and Global Securities Services. Its core objectives was to assist corporate customers to gain greater control over financial positions locally and internationally while increasing business efficiencies and reducing costs. Citibank created a global online investment that was secured, and web-based which allowed customers to access a variety of short-term investments using the award-winning , web based electronic banking platform. An example was the replacement of the CitiDirect Online banking with Treasury vision which created an easier management of short-term investment portfolios by the managers. Creation of culture and values of multidisciplinary teams One of the strategy formulation techniques of Citibank was the creation of multi-dimensional structure of teams that is totally focused on the E-business initiatives and they broke the old bureaucratic culture that existed. Timmers, P. (2009) stated that some other managers were hired from outside the ban and they had the following dimensions: Following through on commitment through forming collaborative infrastructures and they worked by coordinating themselves so as to fulfil the objectives of the e-commerce goals Shared understanding and knowledge- The multi-dimensional teams work through sharing of knowledge and resources in applying best practises in the implementation of e-commerce strategies Creation of forums as channels for effective communication Citibank Alliance strategies Prior to 2000, all forms of e-business strategies implemented by Citibank had failed because the huge investments in areas of software development, systems development and front end service could not meet up with the dynamic technological changes then. From 2000, the bank then focused on creating strategic alliances with the use of their partners competitive strengths. The bank formed partnerships with companies that had strong technologies, systems and infrastructures with good access to the markets .The companies that Citibank partnered with are the major technology leaders such as oracle, Commerce One Inc, SAP AG, Wisdom Technologies and Bolero.Net. the major breakthrough of the partnership was the Citibanks alliance with four IT technological companies to form Financial Settlement Matrix.com, which connected buyers and sellers in e-market places with payment processing, credit and other services through conduct of businesses with banks and other financial service companies Acquisitions of Information Technology and Electronics Company Another strategy which Citibank adopted was the acquisition of some It and electronics company in order to enter and breakthrough the existing e-commerce marketplaces (Tawfik Jelassi et al, 2008). Citibank acquired Lava Trading, which was a leader of electronic execution and sell-side management. This was to enhance Citibanks existing infrastructures and platforms and it was able to integrate a robust electronic trading systems in its services complemented with the technologies of the acquisitions (Data monitor report, 2009). -Commitment to engage in continuous technology development The objective and promise to engage in continuous technology development was a good strategy formulation which sustained the Citibanks E-business environment (Data monitor report, 2009). Since the new commitment and success recorded in 2000, Citibank has been active in engaging in the continuous development of the IT and e-business sector so as to gain maximum customer satisfaction and gain market leadership through the optimisation of Information technological systems and structures (Timmers, P. 2009). Citibank offered an array of integrated investment options through multiple channels including automatic orders, branch services, and online services. Creation of sound business model and practises The creation of good business model and strategies which its operations are based on is the strength of its ability to compete in the e-business environment. The connect which promoted the use of internet as Web-enable its core services to connect with its customers is an indication of the growth of the e-business environment. The other excellent objective by Citibank is transform the bank through the use of the banks integrated capabilities while reaching out to new and emerging markets. SECTION 2: The appraisal of the Citibank current existing strategies in relation to e-business and information systems and their relevance in meeting the corporate objectives. Based on Michael Porters competitive generic strategy, Citibank adopted a differentiation strategy for its banking service by using the e-business strategies of effective internet banking and relevant banking functionalities that give customers full access to their accounts, trading, and management (Data monitor report, 2009). These strategies are in line with its vision and mission to become the leading provider of e-financial services by becoming a trusted, consistent and premier e-business enabler for all its customers globally. Citibank differentiates its e-business product from its competitors through application of e-business strategies and improving their customer services functions (Timmers, P. 2009). Citibank offered internet services, telephone banking, and customer relations managers gave individual attention to customers and service experts. Citibank committed to its e-business strategy-Connect, Transform and Extend-was to web enable its core services, develop integrated solutions and reach new markets. The use of consolidated e-business organisational structure One of the core strategies of Citibanks current success in relation to its e-business and information systems in the banking operation and services was the use of consolidated e-business structure that was formed in March, 2000 called the internet operation group that was responsible for the internet activities between e-Citi and all other business units. After this in April, 2000, Citibank established the e-consumer and e-business segments that was initiated and designed infuse the Internet into all customer and corporate banking services and operations. The following month, May, 2000, Citibank included e-Capital markets and e-Assets Management (Data monitor report, 2009). The e-business units were developing the software required to set up clients with the electronic business accounts while utilising business, resources and Information Technology (IT) people as well. The lessons learned from previous failures when Citibank indulged in managing all aspects of e-business themselves made them to focus on partnering with strong IT companies in order to realise their goals. b) Partnerships and alliance with other companies Citibank formed strategic partnerships with reputable information technology and e-solutions provider companies such as Oracle, Commerce One Inc., SAP AG, Wisdom Technologies and Bolero.net in order to improve and consolidate its e-business strategies. These partnerships have helped Citibanks e-business to be stronger and very competitive by providing integrated cash management services, fund services, securities services and internet banking services. c) Citibanks implementation of sophisticated and effective e-banking business tools, infrastructures and e-systems Citibank introduced some good e-business systems that enhance its banking operations through the development of solutions to address the three core process areas such as accounts process management, accounts payable process management and liquidity management (Data monitor report, 2009). The banks cash management products includes web enable payments, receivable solutions, vendor financing, commercial card solutions and liquidity products which have helped the customers reduce financing costs and achieve better returns on investment capital. The world link payment services payment have been introduced for over 20 years and it has improved payments systems of cash, cross-border Automated Clearing House (ACH), cheques and electronic transfers all protected by sophisticated encryption technologies, access restrictions and authentication procedures. This provided more confidence for the customers in terms of security of the banking transactions made. Also, QuickRemit service provided a r obust framework for global distribution process to transfer money both-in-branch and for web-based (Timmers, P. 2009). The customers payment receiving has been boosted by web-based through automated recurring payment initiation and this provided while the fast telephone banking systems enhanced the customers services and allowed payment initiation possible. The introduction of the Advanced Information Technology (IT) helped to guarantee security and integrity of data and transactions and Citibank commercial cards granted many web-based management tools that streamlined payments, reporting, spend analysis and global data acquisition and other vital day-to-day activities. This made it possible to have access to many banking products and could transact business from all parts of the world (Timmers, P. 2009). The customers benefited immensely from good e-business products, delivery and services and these products were clearly different from the ones other banks offered and this made Citibank to gain more competitive advantages over its other competitors in the domestic and global markets. Citibanks online services is global, secure and web-based system which gave more benefits to the customers also offered an array of integrated investment and this was applicable in other parts of the world such as Asia countries. The online web-based electronic banking platform, CitiDirect Online banking was replaced by Treasury Vision that provided a more superior cash management system for global investment network. d) The development of new services Citibank developed new e-technological products to meet the corporate objectives and to fulfil the Citibanks business strategies and to gain competitive advantages in the global financial markets, CitiBank established the Global technology Group whose role includes leading information technology projects and culture into the firm. It is important to evaluate the e-strategies used in all its banking and corporate services Improvement of Cash Management through e-services Citibanks main focus is to assists customers to have effective movement of their money throughout the world while also meeting their expectations and requirements (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). The cash management e- solutions includes web-enabled payments and receivable solutions, vendor financing, commercial card solution. The implementation of WorldLink Payment solutions and liquidity products reduces financing costs and achieve greater returns on assets (ROA). World Link services enable cash payments to be made in more than 135 countries through the cross-border Automated Clearing House (ACH), cheques and electronic funds transfer. The use of new QuikRemit Service offers a more flexible software platform (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). e) Citibank e-strategies involves the use of information technologies to provide more secured online banking services in all its global banking operations which gave the customers more confidence about the web-based services (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). Citibank has an initiative known as security architecture which provides security systems even for next generations of web based solutions. Other projects are the new touch screens automated teller machines (ATM), cash acceptance machines as well as quick deposit machines which gives receipts when deposits are made and this reduced queues in the banks (Ali Farhoomand, 2008) and this made the Citibank services better and quicker and has improved the quality of services Citibank offer. f) Ali Farhoomand (2008) stated that Citibank uses the cross-functional teams in the development and implementation of new services and this involves staff from different sections and department combine to maximise the transfer of information and technical skills. The staffs are encouraged and motivated to join special task forces around new IT projects that will transform the companys operations to lend their skills and expertise (Timmers, P. 2009). The end-users are also involved in the early in the development process to ensure proper configurations of equipment. This has improved quality, development time and costs. Strategies of Citibank in Political Environment for its operations Most of Citibanks operations have been globalise due to its massive operations in more than 150 countries around the world (Citigroup report, 2009). The bank has been able to adjust to various political environments due to its ability to adapt to different policies and banking systems that are set up by those countries (Data monitor, 2008). The continuous investment in new technologies has also made it possible for it to gain competitive advantages over other competitors in the local and international markets. Citibank has been successful in the Middle East in places such as Dubai and other United Arab Emirates countries. Citibank is also highly successful in most countries of Asia, Europe, and USA and in the United Kingdom (Timmers, P. 2009). Strategies for social environmental factors- Implementation of National cultures in many countries The formation of many multi-disciplinary and functional teams for different E-business strategies implementation has caused the implementation of national cultures in many countries of their operations (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). This made Citibank to implement team working in all departments and groups for the IT strategies in order to gain competitive advantages. This also made Citibank to be able to form local alliances with other banks in order to quickly to the national cultures of such country of operations. The elements of national cultures include adaptability, consistency, team working, cooperation, tolerance etc . There is growing emphasis on the Internet in business and consumer applications led to increasing demand for their products to be integrated with more general information technology solutions of Citibank. This has given Citibank more focus and stability and great vision to explore new and emerging markets Figure 1: The elements of national culture implementation Source: http://www.denisonconsulting.com/dc/Portals/0/Docs/Paper_Asia.pdf (Accessed online on 22/06/2010) SECTION 3 The analysis of the current situation of Citibank and the assessment of their specific strategic options available to the bank to enhance its future e-business structure Citibank is highly committed to continuous improvement in technological developments and it is also customer driven so as to fulfil its mission. The use of Information technology improves its banking and trading operations and enhances the work of over 268,000 employees located in over 100 countries and their focus was to embed their services into the everyday lives of the local population (Citigroup report, 2009). Therefore, in addition to enhancing the commitment to its employees and customers globally, Citibank has strong brand recognition and that it why it is driven towards new technologies to gain competitive advantages in existing, new and emerging markets (Data monitor,2008). The analysis of the current situation and the strategic options available to Citibank in order to maintain its global leadership in its e-business services are listed below Consolidating the formation of Alliances The current alliances practises with major Information and communication technology players especially with reputable firms such as Oracle, Commerce One, Inc., SAP AG, Wisdom Technologies and Bolero.net has helped the company transform its company to an e-business model. This made Citibank form the Financial Settlement Matrix.com which is a company dedicated to connecting buyers and sellers in e-market places with payment services, credit services through multiple and financial services (Citigroup report,2009). This caused growths in other banking operations of the company and made the company to develop greatly and Citibank has used the opportunity to align itself with the partners so as to maintain high competitive advantages in the markets (Timmers, P. 2009). Citibank must consolidate its alliances so as to keep gaining the strategic advantages needed in the marketplaces by engaging in stronger relationships with the Information Technology and communication companies and total customer focus must be the strategic intent of all parties of the alliances. This makes Citibank to work towards balancing the strategic needs of the E-business with the security of the online banking/ e-banking services and to also improve the accessibility of information that is required to leverage the robust e-banking and e-business that is available within the banking group (Citigroup report,2009) . Therefore, it is important for Citibank to improve its business models of value stream, revenue stream and logistics stream through consolidation of the alliances. This will also make Citibank to meet the current and future challenges of the e-business and to improve the internal logistics are aligned towards continuous improvement of Information and communication t echnology (ICT). The previous investments in ICT have led to an increase in revenue and increase in customer base. Customer focused products The continuous introduction of new banking products such as smart banking cards, telephone banking services, online accounts accessibility and other new products has made the bank to gain competitive and strategic advantages over other banks. The bank is wholly committed to new products introduction and this can be possible through continuous improvements in IT and e-business. Improvement of Citibanks legal framework Since, the beginning of 2007, most of the banking corporations had begun using the new legal model framework for assessing the SWIFTNet. . This utilises the use of the SCORE model for laying down rule for messages (Ali farhoomand, 2008). Therefore, the introduction of the SCORE model will enable the corporate bank to reduce risks and therefore there is need to improve and build this model so as to gain strategic advantages over other banks and other competitors. Therefore risk management and legal compliance were introduced as priorities in year 2008 for all the banks and Citibank adjusted its banking operations so as to reduce all the operational risks across its banking operations. The banks now introduce and develop integrated information systems for consolidating the existing structures to reduce the risks and to avoid the breach of any data transfer. Transformation of Citibanks e-Business strategy New improvements in the banking and trading operations are necessary so as to maintain the vision of Citibank. Operations such as Transactions processing such as cash management, trade finances, and derivatives must be maintained through the adoption of new strategies which are very important for the corporate customers and other customers Improvement in new competitive infrastructures to develop and sustain new products Citibank enhances its new product development through Information and communication Technology by investing in millions of dollars for new infrastructures(Ali Farhoomand, 2008) and also for new products development of different ranges and to improve its customer service functions (Tawfik Jelassi et al, 2008) . The use of e-payment by Citibank customers has improved its banking operations and the bank must sustain this by adopting latest technologies while engaging in costs reduction services that will reduce all operational costs and maintain high profitability within the firm. Better Internal management processes It is very important for Citibank to introduce and implement better internal management processes in order to remain competitive and sustain global leadership in the area of e-business operations in the banking industry (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). The internal management that must be implemented should include continuous development programme for employees, better and faster internal information sharing through e-mails, use of video conferencing foe meetings across the regions in order to save costs and time (Ali Farhoomand, 2008). There should also be better work-group information flow and communication must be enhanced so as to prevent resistance in the formulation and implementation of new policies, ideas and new systems that could enhance the growth of the company through e-business applications. This will make the internal management very strong and competent in the use of any latest technologies due to their continuous development and training which would have acquaint them with al l new technologies The other strategies that could enhance the operations of Citibank current and future strategies include the use of M-commerce (Mobile commerce) and it can be applied in following ways: -Financial services Mobile banking should be improved and promoted by Citibank and this includes the use of hand held devices to access accounts, monitor accounts and pay bills. Trading and Brokerage services (where stock quotes can be easily displayed and trading conducted from the same hand held devices). This will create faster banking and trading services and it has improved Citibanks operations -Telecommunications- The use of telephone banking has been successful in the e-business applications of Citibank through the one-touch telephone banking that was introduced. However, new telecommunication systems such as the hand-help mobile phones should be digitalised and be able to connect to the banking telephone customer services in order to get access to accounts and other banking products but however, this should come with good security systems Improvement of information services- Information delivery to customers should be made through e-mails to save time and costs. It should also be done in prints journals, for old customers who cannot operate computers and promotions about new products should be advertised online and in television also so as to reach a wider audience of customers globally. The implementation of social corporate responsibility (CSR) for Citibank Due to the continuous growth of Citibank especially in the existing, new and corporate markets, it is important that the bank be engaged in corporate social responsibility (CSR) as it has always practised in many countries such as assisting in building social infrastructures in many countries such as Malaysia, China, Singapore, India, and United Arab Emirates (UAE), Japan etc. In other areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR), Citibank has a long standing commitment to make the communities where they operate better places to live and work. Citibank has employed good initiatives geared towards improving the lives of members of the communities and countries where they operate. The Citibank s CSR raises the quality of life , families and institutions and thus strengthening the communities. Citibank promotes educations, youth education and social entrepreneurship and employee volunteerism Adherence to political environments in all areas of establishments For Citibank to keep up with its competitiveness, it must adhere to the financial laws and regulations in different political environments. Most developing countries wants the banks to invest in their countries in order to provide employments for their citizens and they also want the banks and other Multinational companies (MNCs) to apply their corporate social responsibility so that their communities can benefits from the investors gain Comparison of other financial institutions e-strategies Case study: Barclays Bank Plc Barclays Bank is one of the third largest financial institutions in the United Kingdom and the seventh global bank with high capitalisation, customer base, and good geographical positioning in the world. The implementation of e-business technologies has advanced the bank to become the top five global banks with strategies implementations of web based applications. In 2004, Barclays bank was the first bank in the united Kingdom to launch an online banking system where customers can have access to their accounts, manage the accounts while also paying and receiving money. Since 2004, it has applied continuous improvement and new development in its Informati

Is Beowulf an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative? Essay -- Epic of Beowu

Is Beowulf   an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative?      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy. Which is it. This essay intends to present both sides of the story.    Some great literary scholars think that the poem is an heroic elegy, celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:      We must dismiss, of course, from mind the notion that Beowulf is a â€Å"narrative poem,† that it tells a tale or intends to tell a tale sequentially. The poem â€Å"lacks steady advance†: so Klaeber heads a critical section in his edition. But the poem was not meant to advance, steadily or unsteadily. It is essentially a balance, an opposition of ends and beginnings. In its simplest terms it is a contrasted description of two moments in a great life, rising and setting; an elaboration of the ancient and intensely moving contrast between youth and age, first achievement and final death (Tolkien 34).    Another literary scholar attacks the proposition that the poem is a narrative epic as many critics say: â€Å"For the structure of the poem is not sequential, but complemental; at the outset certain parts of a situation are displayed, and these are given coherence and significance by progressive addition of its other parts’ (Blomfield 60). These attacks on the epic-narrative theory regarding the poem Beowulf leave one with the only choice left – that the poem is an heroic elegy, a poem celebrating the achievements of its hero Beowulf, and at the same time a poem of lamentation and sorrow and mourning over the death of that great he... ...all, Inc., 1968.    Greenfield, Stanley B.. â€Å"The Finn Episode and its Parallet.† In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Rebsamen, Frederick R.. in â€Å"Beowulf – A Personal Elegy.† Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975    Robinson, Fred C. â€Å"Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Wright, David. â€Å"The Digressions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.      

Identifying Lesbian and Mother :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Identifying Lesbian and Mother In her 1995 book, "On the Outside Looking In: The Politics of Lesbian Motherhood", Ellen Lewin presents the phenomenon of lesbian women who, through childbirth, gain access to the heterosexual community as an in-group member. At first glance, Lewin's observations seem to subvert traditional inside/outside ideology, portraying the boundaries of the hetero- and homosexual worlds as permeable rather than rigidly, relationally exclusive. A more exhaustive analysis, namely of the accounts of the women Lewin interviews, serves instead to reinforce inside/outside construction in relation to self and perceived identity. While the women are 'allowed' into the selective sphere of heteronormality, they do not cross these categorical lines as both 'lesbian' and 'mother'. This paper will argue that the terms 'lesbian' and 'mother' are mutually exclusive, perhaps not in reality, but in the capacities of identity, performance, and location within an inside/outside dynamic. Lewin prefaces her analysis with a glance at the classic Western representation of the lesbian. This depiction focuses on the exclusion of lesbians from typical female roles of "motherhood" and "nurturing"; being a mother carried an implied notion of heterosexuality, therefore, lesbianism and motherhood "cancelled each other out in the popular imagination" (107). Indeed, many of the women surveyed shared the sentiment of motherhood as "overwhelming and engulfing other dimensions of their lives—including what they considered the lesbian component" (109). While this may be ascribed to the daunting tasks of mothering and childcare, the women pointed to a more self-appropriated explanation as they echoed one another in their tendencies to "downplay the significance of their lesbianism in giving accounts of themselves [as mothers]" (110). Simultaneously, these women were rooting themselves more deeply in the heterosexual world and losing ties with the homosexual world. Many of the reports quote the lesbian mothers as feeling stronger ties to the world they share with straight women than with other lesbians. Many felt the lesbian community to be unfriendly to lesbian mothers. One woman was even asked to leave her all-lesbian rap group after her child was born, as her fellow group members believed she was no loner "attuned to lesbian issues" (124). The question remains as to why straight mothers, as a representation of the larger heterosexual community, would be so quick to ally themselves with lesbians, even lesbian mothers. For a scholar of feminist theorist Diana Fuss, this coalition seems to threaten the inside (read: dominant) status of heterosexual society.

Seminar Report P Soc 5

P SoC A Device Study SEMINAR REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY By JINJU P. K (65232) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Rajagiri School of Engineering and Technology Rajagiri Valley, Cochin – 682 039 2010-2011 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE Certified that the seminar presented titled â€Å" PSoC-A Device Study† is a bonafide report of the seminar done by JINJU. P. K (65232) of eighth semester Electronics and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication of the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, during the academic year 2010-2011. Project Guide Head of the Department RONI ANTONYASHA PANICKER Internal ExaminerExternal Examiner Place : Kakkanad Date : ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To discover, analyze and to present something new is to venture on an unknown path towards and unexplored destination is an arduous adventure unless one gets a true torchbearer to show the way. I would have never succeeded in completing my task without the cooperation, encouragement and help provided to me by various people. Words are often too less to reveal my deep regards. I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped me through the duration of this project. I acknowledge with gratitude and humility my indebtedness to Mr. Rony Antony , Lecturer, Electronics & Communication Department, RSET, under whose guidance I had the privilege to complete this project. I wish to express my deep gratitude towards him for providing individual guidance and support throughout the project work. I convey my sincere thanks to Asha Paniker , Professor & Head of Electronics & Communication Department, RSET for her encouragement and cooperation. I would also like to thank all staff members and my co-students who were always there at the need of the hour and provided with all the help and facilities, which I required for the completion of my project. My greatest thanks are to all who wished me success especially my parents. Above all I render my gratitude to the Almighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and strength in me to complete this work for not letting me down at the time of crisis and showing me the silver lining in the dark clouds. ABSTRACT With a unique array of configurable digital and analog blocks, the Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) is a true system-levelsolution, offering a modern method of signal acquisition, processing, and control with exceptional accuracy, high bandwidth,and superior flexibility. Its analog capability spans the range from thermocouples (DC voltages) to ultrasonic signals. Designerscan easily create systemlevel designs, using a rich library of prebuilt components, or custom verilog, and a schematic entry tool that uses the standard design blocks. This seminar is based on the analog , digital , program and debug subsystems ofPsoC 5 device. . CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION02 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM03 3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION04 4. 1 IR TRANSMITTER CIRCUITRY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 04 4. 2 IR SENSOR CIRCUITRY07 4. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS15 4. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION17 5. 4 MPELAB IDE17 . 5 PROGRAM25 5. PCB DESIGN28 5. 1 PCB SCHEMATIC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 5. 2 PCB BOARD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 6. RESULS & CONCLUSION31 7. REFERENCES32 APPENDIX 1. INTRODUCTION With a unique array of configurable digital and analog blocks, the Programmable System-on-Chip is a true systemlevel solution, offering a modern method of signal acquisition, processing, and control with exceptional accuracy, high bandwidth, and superior flexibility. Its analog capability spans the range from thermocouples (DC voltages) to ultrasonic signals. PSoC 5 (CY8C55xxx, CY8C54xxx, CY8C53xxx, CY8C52xxx) families are fully scalable 8-bit and 32-bit PSoC platform devices that share these characteristics:  ¦ Fully pin, peripheral compatible  ¦ Same integrated development environment software  ¦ High performance, configurable digital system that supports a wide range of communication interfaces, such as USB, I2C, and CAN  ¦ High precision, high performance analog system with up to 20-bit ADC, DACs, comparators, opamps, and programmable blocks to create PGAs, TIAs, mixers, etc.  ¦ Easily configurable logic array  ¦ Flexible routing to all pins  ¦ High performance, 8-bit single-cycle 8051 (PSoC 3) or 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 (PSoC 5) core . 1 OBJECTIVE * 8051 or Cortex-M3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) with a nested vectored interrupt controller and a high performance DMA controller * Several types of memory elements including SRAM, flash, and EEPROM * System integration features, such as clocking, a featurerich power system, and versatile programmable inputs and outpu ts 2. TOP LEVEL ARCHITECTURE 2. 1 CPU SYSTEM 2. 1. 1 PROCESSOR The PSoC 5 CPU subsystem is built around a 32-bit three stage pipelined ARM Cortex-M3 processor running up to 80 MHz. The PSoC 5 instruction set is the same as the Thumb-2 instruction set available on standard Cortex- M3 devices. Three stage pipelining operating at 1. 25 DMIPS/MHz. This helps to increase execution speed or reduce power. * Supports Thumb-2 instruction set: * The Thumb-2 instruction set supports complex operations with both 16- and 32-bit instructions * Atomic bit level read and write instructions * Support for unaligned memory access * Improved code density, ensuring efficient use of memory. * Easy to use, ease of programmability and debugging: * Ensures easier migration from 8- and 16-bit processors * Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC) unit to support interrupts and exceptions: * Helps to achieve rapid interrupt response Extensive debug support including: * Serial Wire Debug Port (SWD-DP), Serial Wire JTAG Debug Port (SWJ-DP) ? Break points ? Flash patch ? Instruction tracing ? Code tracing 2. 1. 2 INTERRUPT CONTROLLER The CPU subsystem includes a programmable Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC), DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller, Flash cache ECC, and RAM. The NVIC of bot h PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 devices provides low latency by allowing the CPU to vector directly to the first address of the interrupt service routine, bypassing the jump instruction required by other architectures. The PSoC 5 interrupt controller also offers a few advanced nterrupt management capabilities, such as interrupt tail chaining to improve stack management with multiple pending interrupts providing lower latency. Supports 32 interrupt lines * Programmable interrupt vector * Configurable priority levels from 0 to 7 * Support for dynamic change of priority levels * Support for individual enable/ disable of each interrupt * Nesting of interrupts * Multiple sources for each interrupt line (can be either fixed function, UDB, or from DMA) * Supports both level trigger and pulse trigger * Tail chaining, late arrivals and exceptions are supported in PSoC ® 5 devices 2. 1. DMA CONTROLLER The DMA controller allows peripherals to exchange data without CPU involvement. This allows the CPU to run slower, save power, or use its cycles to improve the performance of firmware algorithms. * Uses the PHUB for data transfer * Includes 24 DMA channels * Includes 128 transaction descriptors (TD) * Eight levels of priority per channel * Transactions can be stalled or canceled * Each transaction can be from 1 to 64 KB * Large transactions can be broken into smaller bursts of 1 to 127 bytes. * Each channel can be configured to generate an interrupt at the end of transfer 2. 1. 4 CACHE CONTROLLER In PSoC 5 devices, the flash cache also reduces system power consumption by reducing the frequency with which flash is accessed. The processor speed itself is configurable allowing for active power consumption tuned for specific applications. * Instruction cache * Direct mapped * 128 bytes total cache memory * Registers for measuring cache hit/miss ratios * Error correction code (ECC) support * Error logging and interrupt generation * Designed to put flash into sleep automatically to save power 2. 2 MEMORY The PSoC nonvolatile subsystem consists of Flash, bytewritable EEPROM, and nonvolatile configuration options. The CPU can reprogram individual blocks of Flash, enabling boot loaders. An Error Correcting Code (ECC) can enable high reliability applications. A powerful and flexible protection model allows the user to selectively lock blocks of memory for read and write protection, securing sensitive information. The byte-writable EEPROM is available on-chip for the storage of application data. Additionally, selected configuration options, such as boot speed and pin drive mode, are stored in nonvolatile memory, allowing settings to become active immediately after power on reset (POR). 2. 2. 3 NON VOLATILE LATCH A Nonvolatile Latch (NVL or NV latch) is an array of programmable, nonvolatile memory elements whose outputs are stable at low voltage. It is used to configure the device at Power on Reset. Each bit in the array consists of a volatile latch paired with a nonvolatile cell. On POR release nonvolatile cell outputs are loaded to volatile latches and the volatile latch drives the output of the NVL. FEATURES * A 4Ãâ€"8-bit NV latch for device configuration * A 4Ãâ€"8-bit Write Once NV latch for device security 2. 2. 4 SRAM PSoC ® 3 and PSoC ® 5 devices include on-chip SRAM. These families offer devices that range from 2 to 64 kilobytes. PSoC 3 devices offer an additional 4 kilobytes as a trace buffer. * Organized as up to three blocks of 4 KB each, including the 4 KB trace buffer, for CY8C38 family. * Organized as up to 16 blocks of 4 KB each, for CY8C55 family. * Code can be executed out of portions of SRAM, for CY8C55 family. * 8-, 16-, or 32-bit accesses. In PSoC 3 devices the CPU has 8-bit direct access to SRAM. * Zero wait state accesses. * Arbitration of SRAM accesses by the CPU and the DMA controller. * Different blocks can be accessed simultaneously by the CPU and the DMA controller. 2. 2. 5 FLASH PROGAMMING MEMORY PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 include on-chip Flash memory. These two families offer devices that range from 16 to 256 kilobytes. Additional Flash is available for either error correction bytes or data storage. PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 Flash memory have the following features: * Organized in rows, where each row contains 256 data bytes plus 32 bytes for either error correcting codes (ECC) or data storage. * For PSoC 3 architecture: CY8C38 Family, organized as one block of 64, 128, or 256 rows. * For PSoC 5 architecture: CY8C55 Family, organized as either one block of 128 or 256 rows, or as multiple blocks of 256 rows each. Stores CPU program and bulk or nonvolatile data * For PSoC 5 architecture: CY8C55 Family, 8-, 16-, or 32-bit read accesses. PSoC 3 architecture has only 8-bit direct access. 2. 2. 6 EEPROM PSoC 3 and PSoC ®5 devices have on-chip EEPROM memory. These two families offer devices that range from 512 bytes to 2 kilobytes. * PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 EEPROM memory have the following features: * Organized in rows, where each row contains 16 bytes * Organized as one block of 32, 64, or 128 rows, depending on the device * Stores nonvolatile data * Write and erase using SPC commands Byte read access by CPU or DMA using the PHUB * Programmable with a simple command/status register interface EEPROM memory provides nonvolatile storage for user data. EEPROM write and erase operation is done using SPC commands. It may be read by both the CPU and the DMA controller, using the PHUB. All read accesses are 8-bit. 2. 2. 7 EMIF PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 architectures provide an external memory interface (EMIF) for connecting to external memory devices and peripheral devices. The connection allows read and write access to the devices. The EMIF operates in conjunction withUDBs, I/O ports, and other PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 components to generate the necessary address, data, and control signals. The EMIF does not intercept address data between the PHUB and the I/O ports. It only generates the required control signals to latch the address and data at the ports. The EMIF generates a clock to run external synchronous and asynchronous memories. It can generate four different clock frequencies, which are the bus clock divided by 1, 2, 3, or 4. The EMIF supports four types of external memory: synchronous SRAM, asynchronous SRAM, cellular RAM/PSRAM, and NOR Flash. External memory can be accessed via the 8051 xdata space or the ARM Cortex-M3 external RAM space; up to 24 address bits can be used. The memory can be 8 or 16 bits wide. 2. 3 SYSTEM WIDE RESOURCES 2. 3. 1 CLOCKING SYSTEM The clock system has these: * Four internal clock sources increase system integration: * 3 to 67 MHz Internal Main Oscillator (IMO)  ±1% at 3 MHz * 1 kHz, 33 kHz, 100 kHz Internal Low Speed Oscillator (ILO) outputs * 12 to 67 MHz clock doubler output, sourced from IMO, MHz External Crystal Oscillator (MHzECO), and Digital System * Interconnect (DSI) 24 to 67 MHz fractional Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) sourced from IMO, MHzECO, and DSI * DSI signal from an external I/O pin or other logic as well as a clock source * Two external clock sources provide high precision clocks: * 4 to 33 MHz External Crystal Oscillator (MHzECO) * 32. 768 kHz External Crystal Oscillator (kHzECO) for Real Time Clock (RTC) * Dedicated 16-bit divider for bus clock Eight individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the digital system peripherals * Four individually sourced 16-bit clock dividers for the analog system peripherals * IMO has a USB mode that auto locks to the USB bus clock, requiring no external crystal for USB. (USB equipped parts only) 2. 3. 2 POWER SUPPLY AND MONITORING PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 devices have separate external analog and digital supply pins, labeled respectively Vdda and Vddd. The devices have two internal 1. 8V regulators that provide the digital (Vccd) and analog (Vcca) supplies for the internal core logic. The output pins of the regulators (Vccd and Vcca) have very specific capacitor requirements that are listed in the datasheet. These regulators are available: * Analog regulator for the analog domain supply * Digital regulator for the digital domain supply * Sleep regulator for the sleep domain * I2C regulator for powering the I2C logic * Hibernate regulator for supplying keep alive power for state retention during hibernate 2. 3. 3 WATCH DOG TIMER The Watchdog Timer (WDT) circuit automatically reboots the system in the event of an unexpected execution path. This timer must be serviced periodically. If not, the CPU resets after a specified period of time. Once the WDT is enabled it cannot be disabled except during a reset event. This is done to prevent any errant code from disabling the WDT reset function. To use the WDT function, the user is required to enable the WDT function during their startup code. The WDT has the following features: * Protection settings to prevent accidental corruption of the WDT * Optionally-protected servicing (feeding) of the WDT * A configurable low power mode to reduce servicing requirements during sleep mode * A status bit for the watchdog event that shows the status even after a watchdog reset 2. . 4RESET POWER ON RESET Power on Reset (POR) is provided primarily for a system reset at power up. The IPOR will hold the device in reset until all four voltages; Vdda, Vcca, Vddd, Vccd, are to datasheet specification. The POR activates automatically at power up and consists of: An imprecise POR (IPOR) – is used to keep the device in reset during i nitial power up of the device until the POR can be activated A precision POR (PRES) – derived from a circuit calibrated for a very accurate location of the POR trip point. The power on RESET clears all the reset status registers WATCHDOG RESET Watchdog Reset (WRES) detects errant code by causing a reset if the watchdog timer is not cleared within the userspecified time limit. The user must always set the WRES initialization code. This was done to allow the user to dynamically choose whether or not to enable the watchdog timer SOFTWARE INITIATED RESET Software Initiated Reset (SRES) is a mechanism that allows a software-driven reset. The RESET_CR2 register forces a device reset when a 1 is written into bit 0. This setting can be made by firmware or with a DMA. The RESET_SR0 [5] status bit becomes set on the occurrence f a software reset. This bit remains set until cleared by the user or until a POR reset. EXTERNAL RESET External Reset (XRES_N) is a user-supplied reset that causes immediate system reset when asserted. XRES_N is available on a dedicated pin on some devices, as well as a shared GPIO pin P1[2] on all devices. The shared pin is available through a customer-programmed NV Latch setting and supports low pin count p arts that don't have a dedicated XRES_N pin. This path is typically configured during the boot phase immediately after power up. 3. CONCLUSION