Hate Groups Essay -- essays research papers

Hate Groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society where differences between people are magnified and everyone is discussing diversity, tensions between different groups are remarkably high. The extreme of this tension is brought out in hate groups. Hate groups play off of the stereotypes of specific peoples. They use these generalities in their relentless and often violent persecution of those different from themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many groups that practice in such ways, most of them preaching white supremacy. The main goal of these groups is the advancement of the white race by the segregation of other cultures from society. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is probably the best known of these groups. They have been around since the Reconstruction era following the Civil War. The KKK was set up to build an all white society based on Christian beliefs. They claim that they are not the enemy of non-white, non-Christian people. They believe that all races would benefit from separation from each other because everyone would work better if they are surrounded by their own kind. The KKK states â€Å"Our purpose is to unite, organize, and educate the white Aryan masses world wide to the dangers that face our race, culture, and Christian civilization† (www.kkkk.net). They also claim that they don’t tolerate people of immoral character in their society such as drug users and dealers, thieves, or c...

Marketing planning process

Sources of Marketing Research and Information Used In Implementing MMPMarketing planning process is a logical sequence and series events to be done so as to attain strategic planning objectives of an organization and setting up strategic plans for achieving them. This is a formal process done annually by most of organizations   such that the results of draft at each stage is analyzed to evaluate the impacts it has brought on the earlier stages and changes are done to meet the expectations. The main aim is to move from the general to the specific, from the overall objectives of the organization and narrow down to individual action plan for a section of one marketing process.For an organization like Marks and spencer, this is one of widely recognized and largest clothing and food retailer in UK. The main source of marketing research and information in its implementation of planning process is market audit. This gives complete and accurate information of what is happening at the groun d. The information collected using this audit includes: review of the marketing environment which involves the study of the organizations markets customers, competitors and overall social, political, technical and economical environment currently and in the future and the review of detailed marketing mix in terms of product, price, place and promotion. Finally review of marketing system in its organization, strategies and objectives.Marketing system needs to be frequently checked since marketing plan depends on the accuracy of information from the system. The other source of information used in marketing planning is the analysis done on the market to determine what happened and why. The marketing positioning and segmentation offers the starting point of what is to be achieved by the whole planning process. Ensuring organized planning of products and services leads to balanced portfolio and finally observing â€Å"80:20† rule which states that concentrating on the 20% of produ cts or services and 20% of customers will result in 80% of the volume and 80% of the profit.Benefits Achieved From Marketing PlanningMarks and Spencer being like any other organization which practices marketing planning for its products have gained significantly. Some of accrued benefits include:The organization has been able to strongly define itself and develop its identity in the customers, employees and market at large. launching of the new products has been fast and cost effective it sets up a promise and expectation of the organization products and services it has separated the organization from the competitors and has given it a value   making it relevant to its customers it determines the unique selling proposition over the competitors It outlines how all defined brands will be used, enhanced and strengthened and allows for strategic positioning of brands in the targeted markets.Ways of Improving Marketing Planning Process Used By Mark and SpencerFor a marketing planning p rocess to remain and continue being viable, there needs to be frequent redefining and resetting of the objectives to march the market requirements with changing economic times.  Several ways in which the Mark and Spencer company can do to improve its marketing planning include: first developing new range of products to meet the changing market needs and competition arising from other clothing and food making organization, re-launching and redesigning of the existing clothing ranges and doing away with those products that are not serving   market effectively.New features need to be added and designing new packaging methods to make them look more attractive to the potential customers. This will ensure the products or services have all qualities that a customer expects to get from them. Then price of these products should be set such that they are able to penetrate the market effectively. This is achieved through pricing for different market segments. This segmentation should match differences in the buyer behaviour of the customers and study the competition in terms of number of competitors, their size, location and their strengths that exists in the market and devices the price that will be able to emerge as a preferred organization in the market. Acceptance of credit cards from other organizations and doing business on Sundays has significantly enabled Mark and Spencer recovers some its market share. The products need to be promoted in the market to create awareness to the customers so as to gain responses from the targeted markets.The marketing campaign dubbed â€Å"look behind the label† has created awareness to customer some of ethical and environmental friendly aspects being used by organization and more needs to be done to improve the image of the organization. The public relation of the organization should be well developed so as to have a clear understanding between the organization and the customers and organizing the sales force to cover ne w products introduced in the market. Lastly, having a   channel of distribution from the producer to consumer well structured to ensure the products reach the targeted marketed at convenient time This can be done by either direct channel from wholesaler to retail outlets or indirect means where distributor agency with good reputations are contracted to supply the products to the retailers. This will ensure the products are always available in the market and customer’s demands are met without shortage in supply.Recommendation for improving the marketing plan for the future:Marketing planning process is one of the factors considered when drawing a business plan and contributes significantly to the success since without sales, no returns are achievable. Marketing plans needs to be prepared with all stakeholders consulted and given a chance to providing their opinions so as to ensure the process is all inclusive to avoid making a decision without considering all factors. Profes sional with adequate know-how on marketing planning process can be employed so as to provide guidance and technical know-how.Marketing plans needs to be revised regularly depending on the marketing liberation to avoid lagging behind as new technology and innovations arises. Plan needs to be simple, specific, achievable and attainable. Products need to be of high quality and meet the desired standards by the targeted customers. Pricing of the products need to be specific to be each market segments so as the products can compete effectively in the market.   Promotion strategies selected should be one that will reach a larger market audience effectively and provide relevant information concerning the products.ReferencesBBC News 24 (2006): M&S Set to Launch Fairtrade Range, Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4660410.stm, on May 15, 2007Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000): Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn: New York, Prentice Hall, HarlowFill, C. (2002): Marketing Com munications, Contexts, strategies and applications: New York, Prentice HallKotler, P.; Armstrong, G.; Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999): Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn, New Jersey: Prentice HallMcDonald, M. (2001): Marketing Plans: – How to prepare them, how to use the. 4th Edn: London, Butterworth HeinenammMcDonald, M. (2001): Marketing Plans: – How to prepare them, how to use the. 4th Edn: London, Butterworth HeinenammBBC News 24 (2006): M&S Set to Launch Fairtrade Range, Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4660410.stm, on May 15, 2007Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000): Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn: New York, Prentice Hall, HarlowKotler, P.; Armstrong, G.; Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999): Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edn, New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Living in Sin

The poem tells the story of the lovers that starts just after the fairytale of their lives has ended. Actually, it reveals the continuation of relationship where fairytale usually cuts the story at the kisses and declaration of love followed by â€Å"The End† (a story of a Princess which has to wash dishes on a day after a romantic ball). It is important to point out that the speaker is not actually the woman spoken of in the poem. The narrator here depicts the events in this couple’s daily life. Yet, it is obviously a woman, due to the tone of the poem: how she sees the careless husband and notices household disorder. Being in variance with many modern text analysts, I must say that the poem ‘Living in Sin’ is completely autobiographic. It has been written by Adrienne Rich during the first months of her own marriage and conveys her own disappointment in what is left after the romantic prelude. To understand the poem one must notice that it is wholly built on the contrasts the author uses from sentence to sentence. The most evident contrast resides in the mood of the heroes: the indifferent, careless husband (‘he, with a yawn†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) who seems not to notice the miserable surroundings and only shrugs his shoulders at the mirror admitting the piano out of tune, and the pensive and sad wife who is distressed with the routine circle of everyday cleaning and watching the back of her lover leaving each morning for the trivial cigarettes: â€Å" [he] rubbed at his beard, went out for cigarettes; while she, jeered by the minor demons, pulled back the sheets and made the bed and found a towel to dust the table-top†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Adrienne Rich has been influenced by the popular image contrast of artist and his woman (generally, a family). Their married life goes in the studio, a huge room without walls or borders, without anything to confirm one’s privacy. Here we obviously see a family of artists where the woman has to play the subordinate role imposed by the society. As means to manipulate women into submitting to housekeeping roles, society promotes a male-dominant view. Most traditional societies expect all women to feign fulfillment in this biological role of a domestic apparatus. Therefore, like the woman in the poem, many women in society accept (although, quite reluctantly) this role of a home caretaker. The images of dusted furniture, dried cheese and empty bottles, overboiled pot etc. produce low, pessimistic tones of the poem – all these trifle seems to be powerful enough to spoil woman’s life and even to kill love: â€Å"By evening she was back in love again, though not so wholly but throughout the night she woke sometimes to feel the daylight coming like a relentless milkman up the stairs†. Here appears another pair of contrasting images: Day and Night that are parallel to Reality and Dream. This woman actually lives double life, enjoying night demonstrations of love and being not able to change the obtrusive tedium of the day which comes like the â€Å"relentless milkman† upon the creaking stair and ruins the fragile dreams of the romantic supper. The piano (summoned by him) seems to be out of tune just like their love. The grime at their window panes is as hard to remove as to bring back the brightness and romantics to the life. Comparatively, each of the household items is dingy. Everything illuminated by the day is out of this light in a paradoxical way – on the contrary, it strives for the night unconsciousness and inempiricalness. So, now it is possible to explain the name of the poem. â€Å"Living in Sin† means to face the day and not to do anything about it, just to see the things go on and to be afraid to make any changes. The woman submits to this role of absolute responsibility without resistance, keeping her resentment and anger to herself. Her constant expenditure of energy with no satisfactory results leads to disappointment. The heroine of the poem is completely unsatisfied but what with she is not quite sure†¦ We, as a reader, can only guess what exactly bothers her: a bunch of disappointing details or the whole picture of their relationship. I think that the last thing does. Everyday dusting, which she has to take around the studio, symolizes the ‘dusting’ of the relationship that is also needed to keep the love alive. Undoubtedly, family life needs refreshment not to be sepulchered by the lay of ‘dust’ and similar days. The woman’s futile efforts result in her â€Å"living in sin†. She sinfully accepts what society dictates and does not try to escape and improve her circumstances. By lettig this miserable life to continue, she denies herself and her individuality. And such self-sacrifice is the biggest sin for an artistic and thoughtful woman.

The Pictures from Iraq essays

The Pictures from Iraq essays There are no excuses for what some of our soliders have done; a life is a life no matter who these people are. I ponder. The circumstances leading up the Iraqi war were are unexcusable, but as Americans we are suppose to be more dignified. What comes to mind are the natives in a colony who run around bludgning everyone for the sheer thrill like riding a roller coaster over and over for that rush. Many lives have been taken on both sides. What are the significants for our soldiers to cause such an uproar with the prisoners and think it could be hidden from anyone on either side? In my opinion, this war is nothing but another Vietnam. There will be no victory for wither side. Death is not something we can ever celebrate. By now we as Americans should be satisfied with the Iraqi Commanders we have wither killed or captured and having Saddam in custody. The greed of our government to press on even at the expense of more lives will never be enough. It should nor be left up the the White House, nor the COngress or whomever, to make that decision for us. The pictures that have been released to the media are inexcuseable. This war should not be a trade, a life for a life. It was suppose to be to detoure terrorism from ever striking our country again. Now it has become a car and mouse game for which there will be no winners. Who will be the persons to hand our the punishment to these soldiers for the travisty they have inflicted on our country? I feel it will never be the punishment they deserve. Life is not a game nor a gamble that we should leave in the hands of others without having a voice. Americans should be allowed to decide whether we go to war and not our government even though we are the ones who elected them into office, but that should not be the end of our voices. At this time, we look like bigger fools then the Iraqis thought we were before. Our government will never be able to live this down. ...

A Complete Guide to Writing a Marketing Research Paper

A Complete Guide to Writing a Marketing Research Paper A research paper in marketing is a fairly large academic work aimed to be published in a scholarly journal, magazine or other type of publication. The quality of research and findings presented in it are evaluated by peer review, which means that you have to make arrangements for potential counterarguments and objections. Research papers are one of the most widespread ways of sharing your progress with academic community – if you don’t intend to get a job in marketing but are going to continue a career of academic research you will have to learn how to write this kind of papers sooner rather than later. This marketing research paper writing guide will help you with it. What to Do Before You Start Writing: Our Experts Advise Choosing a Topic The primary purpose of a research paper as a university assignment is to evaluate the student’s ability to use relevant sources of information, think independently, analyze data, make original conclusions and prove his point of view with viable evidence. Therefore, you will mostly be given a free rein in terms of topic choice, and you should use this freedom to its fullest. Do you have personal interests in the sphere of marketing? Perhaps you’ve heard about a marketing-related event that can serve as a basis for your paper? Have you read anything beyond the basic course that can produce a positive impression on your professor? It is always worth finding a topic you are interested in or even passionate about; Once you’ve defined the general direction of your paper, try narrowing it down. For example, â€Å"Walmart’s Marketing Campaigns† is way too broad and vague. â€Å"Shopper Events: the New Approach to the Practice of Sampling† is much more focused; If you cannot invent a topic of your own, try looking through the titles of business and marketing literature in one of the online academic databases (e.g., Euromonitor International or Business Source Complete). You don’t have to limit your search to thematic databases, as marketing is closely connected to many other disciplines. For example, PsycInfo offers abstracts and citations to the scholarly literature on behavioral sciences, including an impressive collection of materials on marketing and business; Going through the literature will help you select a topic that is both sufficiently well-researched to have enough sources to draw upon and leaves you enough breathing room to do your own work. This will prevent you from repeating the research topics of the authors you’ve missed. So what kinds of topics should you be looking for? Here are a few examples: Private Labels vs. Popular Brands: How Can These Products Coexist in a Single Store? Effects of Gender on Family Buying Behavior; Factors Influencing Positive and Negative Word of Mouth Advertising in Cafà © Industry; Methods Used by Companies to Facilitate Impulse Purchases; Client reaction to Unethical Behavior on the Retailer’s Part; Deceptive Advertising and Its Effects on Customer loyalty in Electronics Industry. Doing Market Research Most marketing assignments, research papers included, deal with specific situations and case studies. To evaluate them properly you have to precede your work with market research carried out in a uniform fashion: Market survey – gather relevant statistical and unquantifiable data from a test group of consumers. These may be either random people or selected according to a certain principle; Situational analysis – you analyze the situation of the company in question: where it stands, what are its problems, what causes them and so on. Again, you have to use clearly defined tools to do so, such as PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Ethical and Legal) and SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) Analysis. These are exactly what it says on the tin: they successively evaluate the situation from these points of view to build a bigger picture; Marketing strategy – based on your findings, suggest an effective strategy based on 4 Ps (Product, Price, Promotion and Place). Formulating Your Thesis Statement A thesis statement is the gist of your research paper, its main point expressed in one or two sentences. Beginner writers often make a mistake of mixing it up with the topic or research question. There is, however, a clear distinction between them: Topic broadly delineates the field of research, e.g. â€Å"Brand awareness†; Research question is what your paper aims to address and answer, e.g., â€Å"To what extent does brand awareness influence customer loyalty?†; Thesis statement is your answer to that question, e.g., â€Å"Brand awareness plays a pivotal role in forming customer loyalty†. Thesis statement is a defining part of your research paper and should be a part of the introduction. Ideally, you should place it in the first or second paragraph, right after you attract the reader’s attention with the first several sentences. The rest of the paper should be dedicated solely to proving the point it expresses, so make sure to align the thesis statement and body paragraphs to correspond to each other. Dealing with Sources Every research paper should maintain a precarious balance between original findings and connections with existing body of research on the subject. On the one hand, you have to produce results that haven’t been presented to peer review by anybody else. On the other hand, you have to build upon works of other researchers. Information sources can be subdivided into groups based on several principles, but the most important are these: Low- and High Quality Sources Low-quality sources are those that contain unverified and unverifiable information and demonstrate signs of subjectivity and author’s agenda: mass media, Internet resources, most books, etc. You can use them, but treat them as more of a supplement than a real source of information you depend on. High-quality sources are primarily peer-reviewed articles in scholarly publications. A good indication of the source’s authority is how many times it has been cited in peer-reviewed literature so far (you can find this information in most indexing databases). However, don’t decide to use or not to use a source based on this factor alone – a recent article, even if it is very high-quality, will naturally have fewer mentions than an older one. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary sources deal directly with their subject – they are, e.g., documents, statistical data, experiment results and so on. Secondary sources research, cite on and analyze the primary ones. They are not worse than primary sources, they are simply used for a different purpose. A good research paper should contain a balanced selection of both types. Finding the necessary sources gets easier as you become acquainted with your topic, but in the beginning it can be quite problematic. Here are some good ways to organize your search: Your marketing textbook should have a bibliography section. Look through the sources cited in the chapter/chapters dealing with the subject you are writing about – it is a good place to start; Look through online databases like the aforementioned Euromonitor and Business Source Complete. Multidisciplinary resources like Google Scholar and Academic Search Complete are also quite comprehensive; Study the sections of the sources that have been most useful to you so far. Important point concerning using such sources: you should either locate them and use in their original form or introduce them with words â€Å"as cited in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Don’t pretend to have read the books you haven’t even seen in reality – it will be immediately obvious to anybody more or less familiar with the topic; By now, you should have an idea on who are the main authorities in your chosen field of research. Try locating their other works and see if they can be useful as well. Outline Outline is a detailed plan of your research paper. If you boil down your text to its most essential parts, this is what is going to remain. If you put enough work into an outline, you will be able to structure your thoughts and putting them on paper won’t take nearly as much time as usual. So, what you should mention in your outline? Introduction – what information does the reader need to properly understand your paper? Hook – how you are going to grasp the reader’s attention; Thesis statement – write it down in its entirety, as well as how you are going to lead up to it from the hook; Additional information, if necessary. Body paragraphs – make sure you introduce one major point per paragraph and provide logical connections between them and the main point of your paper. Don’t forget to give the reader viable evidence in support of each of these points. Conclusion here you should restate the thesis and make suggestions for further research and what can be done to alleviate or improve the marketing situation you’ve discussed. Writing Tips Give yourself plenty of time. You won’t write a good research paper in a single draft, so be ready to change entire sections, cut unnecessary parts and, in extreme cases, rewrite the entire thing from scratch. Avoid colloquial expressions and sentence structures (such as contractions). Marketing may be less academic and more down-to-earth than many other disciplines, but it doesn’t mean that you should use informal language when writing about it. Avoid passive voice unless it is absolutely necessary. Some student writers believe passive voice to be more serious and stylistically scientific, but it is a misconception. The only thing it will do for your writing is make it cumbersome, hard to understand and prone to grammar mistakes. Don’t use first person. A marketing paper should be fully objective, and first person is only used when talking about personal experiences. Even if you describe your own work, experiments and interviews, try to make it sound impersonal to avoid being accused of subjectivity. Avoid overly emotional and unfair evaluations. When writing about marketing you will often describe situations in which people made suboptimal decisions that led to huge losses. Treat people and companies that made them fairly – for some reason, they considered this approach right in their situation given the information they had at the time and didn’t have the benefit of hindsight. Vary the length of your sentences. It is often suggested that sentences in academic papers should be about 25 to 30 words long, but don’t try to bring every sentence to common denominator. Intersperse longer and shorter ones to make your text look more alive. Post-Writing Tips Experienced writers know after a paper is finished, there is still a lot of work to be done, and its success depends on this work just as much as on writing per se. There are two stages you should take care of: checking your paper’s formatting and revising it. Bringing the Paper in Compliance with Formatting Requirements Marketing courses use both MLA and APA styles, although APA is a little bit more common. This doesn’t mean that you can use whichever you like – the choice falls to your professor, so make sure to ask them about it. All the information about formatting can be found in official style guides or one of many online resources dedicated to helping students with them. There are too many rules and specific situations they deal with, so it is impossible to give any specific recommendations here. When in doubt, consult a respective style guide, if still in doubt, ask your professor. Revision There are many tricks that make up for an effective revision, but the most useful one is probably to prepare a checklist to go through when you reach this stage. Reread your paper asking yourself the following questions: Do all structure elements perform their functions? Are paper parts interconnected logically? Does every paragraph cover a single point only? Have you missed anything when summing things up in conclusion? Do you use words that are too complex to make your paper more scientific? If you were somebody else, would you understand everything you are trying to say the first time you read the paper? Cut all unnecessary words. The rule of a thumb is that if you can understand the point without a word (sentence, group of sentences, paragraph), it should be removed. Using these marketing research paper writing tips won’t turn you into a professional marketing writer overnight, but they certainly will help you get into the spirit of the thing.

Carbon Family - Element Group 14

Carbon Family - Element Group 14 One way to classify elements is by family. A family consists of homologous element with atoms having the same number of valence electrons and thus similar chemical properties. Examples of element families are the nitrogen family, oxygen family, and carbon family. Key Takeaways: Carbon Family of Elements The carbon family consists of the elements carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).Atoms of elements in this group have four valence electrons.The carbon family is also known as the carbon group, group 14, or the tetrels.Elements in this family are of key importance for semiconductor technology. What Is the Carbon Family? The carbon family is element group 14 of the periodic table. The carbon family consists of five elements: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin,  and lead. It is likely that element 114, flerovium, will also behave in some respects as a member of the family. In other words, the group consists of carbon and the elements directly below it on the periodic table. The carbon family is located very nearly in the middle of the periodic table, with nonmetals to its right and metals to its left. The carbon family is also called the carbon group, group 14, or group IV. At one time, this family was called the tetrels or tetragens because the elements belonged to group IV or as a reference to the four valence electrons of atoms of these elements. The family is also called the crystallogens. Carbon Family Properties Here are some facts about the carbon family: Carbon family elements contain atoms that have 4 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of these electrons are in the s subshell, while 2 are in the p subshell. Only carbon has the s2 outer configuration, which accounts for some of the differences between carbon and other elements in the family.As you move down the periodic table in the carbon family, the atomic radius and ionic radius increase while electronegativity and  ionization energy decrease.  Atom size increases moving down the group because an additional electron shell is added.Element density increases moving down the group.The carbon family consists of one nonmetal (carbon), two metalloids (silicon and germanium), and two metals (tin and lead). In other words, the elements gain metallicity moving down the group.These elements are found in a wide variety of compounds. Carbon is the only element in the group that can be found pure in nature.The carbon family elements have widely variable physical and chemical proper ties.Overall, the carbon family elements are stable and tend to be fairly unreactive. The elements tend to form covalent compounds, though tin and lead also form ionic compounds.Except for lead, all of the carbon family elements exist as different forms or allotropes. Carbon, for example, occurs in diamond, graphite, fullerene, and amorphous carbon allotropes. Tin occurs as white tin, gray tin, and rhombic tin. Lead is only found as a dense blue-gray metal.Group 14 (carbon family) elements have much higher melting points and boiling points than the group 13 elements. Melting and boiling points in the carbon family tend to decrease moving down the group, mainly because atomic forces within the larger molecules are not as strong. Lead, for example, has such a low melting point that its easily liquefied by a flame. This makes it useful as a base for solder. Uses of Carbon Family Elements and Compounds The carbon family elements are important in daily life and in industry. Carbon is the basis for organic life. Its allotrope graphite is used in pencils and rockets. Living organisms, proteins, plastics, food, and organic building materials all contain carbon. Silicones, which are silicon compounds, are used to make lubricants and for vacuum pumps. Silicon is used as its oxide to make glass. Germanium and silicon are important semiconductors. Tin and lead are used in alloys and to make pigments. Carbon Family - Group 14 - Element Facts C Si Ge Sn Pb melting point ( °C) 3500 (diamond) 1410 937.4 231.88 327.502 boiling point ( °C) 4827 2355 2830 2260 1740 density (g/cm3) 3.51 (diamond) 2.33 5.323 7.28 11.343 ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1086 787 762 709 716 atomic radius (pm) 77 118 122 140 175 ionic radius (pm) 260 (C4-) 118 (Sn2+) 119 (Pb2+) usual oxidation number +3, -4 +4 +2, +4 +2, +4 +2, +3 hardness (Mohs) 10 (diamond) 6.5 6.0 1.5 1.5 crystal structure cubic (diamond) cubic cubic tetragonal fcc Source Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Modern Chemistry (South Carolina). Harcourt Education, 2009.

The Silk Road Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Silk Road Project - Essay Example This terrain significantly separated China from the nations in the west. Furthermore, the terrain in the west together with the peace treaties amongst the Western Nations led to the development of the Western economies. This paper will elaborate on the historical aspects that pertain to the Silk Road. It will address the origin of the term Silk Road, and the goods and products traded along the route. It will also cover on the significant traders of the Silk Road, and the effects on the East and West. The History of the Silk Road, Naming and Fate The Central Asian sections of the trade were expanded during the reign of Han Wudi, the Emperor in 2006 BCE- 220 CE period. The emperor had sent Zhang Qian in a mission to establish political treaties with the Yeuzhi people. However, on return from a 13 year journey, Zhang Qian reported of the lucrative trade that was taking place in the Western nations (Franck 66). The Emperor on an attempt to develop peace treaties with the western nations not only led to political relationships but also economic and cultural developments. The trade led to a great civilization in Ancient Rome, China, India, Persia, Arabia and Ancient Egypt. The route was given the name due to the lucrative Chinese silk that was traded along the road. Although there were other goods traded along the route, silk was the main commodity. ... Later on, in 1877, a German researcher, Ferdinand Richthefen, named the trade route as the Great Silk Road (Foltz 50). The overland trade route was divided into the Southern and Northern Routes by passing Lop Nur and the Taklimakan Desert. The Northern route started at Chang’an, which is the present day Xi’an. This was the capital city of the ancient Chinese Kingdom. Later on, Han expanded the route to Luoyang, a town in the east of China. This route travelled northwest through the Gansu from Shaanxi Province. It split into three routes where two routes followed the mountain ranges on the south and north of the Taklamakan Desert to join at Kashgar. The other route headed south to the Tian Shan Mountains through Almaty, Turpan and Talgar (Franck 71). Figure 1: The Silk Road The route then split at the West of Kashgar with a northern route travelling through Kokand, present day eastern Uzbekistan. It then progressed to the West to cross the Karakum Desert. The Southern br anch headed towards the Alai valley toward Balkh, currently Afghanistan, and Termez, currently known as Uzbekistan (Xinru 34). The routes rejoined in the southern side before reaching Merv, which is currently known as Turkmenistan. On the other hand, the Southern route was a single route which started in China through the Karakoram. Today, this route is known as the Karakoram Highway, an international paved road that connects China to Pakistan. The route then branches westward but with southwards branches enabling the journey to be completed using the sea. This route crossed through the Northern Pakistan, across the Hindu Kush Mountains to the present day Afghanistan. The southern route then joined the northern route near Merv. From Merv, the route followed a straight route to the West